Compositions And Methods Of Use Of Phorbol Esters

ABSTRACT

Methods and compositions containing a phorbol ester or a derivative of a phorbol ester are provided for the treatment of cytopathic diseases. Cytopathic diseases may be caused by a variety means such as viral infections like HIV and AIDS, or the development of neoplasms in a mammalian subject. The methods and compositions of the invention are effective for inhibiting de novo HIV infection, upregulating viral expression from latent provirus, inhibiting HIV-induced cytopathic effects, down regulating the HIV receptor, increasing Th1 cytokine expression, decreasing Th2 cytokine expression, increasing ERK phosphorylation, inducing apoptosis in malignant cells, inducing remission, maintaining remission, as chemotherapeutic agents, as well as for decreasing symptoms of cytopathic diseases and opportunistic infections that may accompany such diseases. Additional compositions and methods are provided which employ a phorbol ester or derivative compound in combination with at least one additional agent such as those used in HAART protocols, therapeutic agents used to treat opportunistic infections due to HIV, or chemotherapeutic agents to yield more effective treatment tools against cytopathic diseases in mammalian subjects.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority benefits of U.S. Provisional patent application Ser. No. 60/898,810, filed Jan. 31, 2007, which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates generally to the field of cytopathic diseases. More specifically, the invention relates to compositions containing and methods of using phorbol esters to treat cytopathic conditions and diseases that cause such cytopathic conditions.

BACKGROUND

Phorbol is a natural, plant-derived organic compound of the tigliane family of diterpenes. It was first isolated in 1934 as a hydrolysis product of croton oil derived from the seeds of Croton tiglium, a leafy shrub of the Euphorbiaceae family that is native to Southeastern Asia. Various esters of phorbol have important biological properties including the reported ability to mimic diacylglycerols and activate protein kinase C (PKC), modulating downstream cell signaling pathways including the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. Phorbol esters are additionally thought to bind to chimaerins, the Ras activator RasGRP, and the vesicle-priming protein Munc-13 (Brose N, Rosenmund C., J Cell Sci;115:4399-411 (2002)). Some phorbol esters also induce nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB). The most notable physiological property of phorbol esters is their reported capacity to act as tumor promoters.

12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), also called phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA), is a phorbol ester used in models of carcinogenesis as an inducer for differentiation and/or apoptosis in multiple cell lines and primary cells. TPA has also been reported to cause an increase in circulating white blood cells and neutrophils in patients whose bone marrow function has been depressed by chemotherapy. (Han Z. T. et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 95, 5363-5365 (1998)) and inhibit the HIV-cytopathic effects on MT-4 cells. (Mekkawy S. et al., Phytochemistry 53, 47-464 (2000)). However, due to a variety of factors, including caustic reactions when contacted with the skin and concerns for its potential toxicity, TPA has not been shown to be an effective tool for treating, managing, or preventing HIV or AIDS.

Current therapeutics for cytopathic diseases such as various forms of neoplastic disease and viral diseases such as HIV and AIDS suffer from a number of drawbacks such as insufficient potency and intolerable side effects. For many patients, toxic side effects of diminish their quality of life to such an extent they simply stop taking their medications. For others, therapeutic schedules are so complicated and inconvenient that compliance is limited. Other patients experience excellent results initially, but suffer relapses despite full compliance with therapeutic regimens.

Treatment failure in most HIV cases is attributed to the emergence of resistant strains of HIV. Incomplete viral suppression caused by insufficient drug potency, poor compliance due to complicated drug regimens, and other factors contribute to this problem. Additionally, during the long period of clinical latency of HIV infection, a subset of quiescent memory CD4 T-cells harbor integrated but transcriptionally silent proviruses. This reservoir protects latent HIV from retroviral therapy and poses a substantial barrier to eradication of HIV in infected patients.

Cancer treatments generally involve a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, hormonal therapy and/or radiation treatment to eradicate neoplastic cells in a patient. However, all of these approaches pose significant drawbacks and added risks such as increased susceptibility to infection. Surgery, for example, may be contraindicated due to the health of a patient. Additionally, it may be difficult to obtain clear margins around a tumor, resulting in some neoplastic tissue being left behind and an increased chance of recurrence of the disease. Almost all current chemotherapeutic agents are toxic, and chemotherapy causes significant side effects including severe nausea, bone marrow depression, and immunosuppression. They also cannot be specifically targeted to cancer cells and therefore may kill healthy cells as well as cancerous ones. Additionally, there are frequently relapsed/refractory neoplasms which are resistant to current therapeutics.

There is clearly a need for new and more effective treatments for individuals suffering from cytopathic disorders, including those caused by neoplastic disease as well as viral infections such as HIV and AIDS.

SUMMARY OF THE EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to compositions containing and methods of using phorbol esters in the treatment of cytopathic diseases.

In one embodiment, phorbol esters and derivatives of phorbol esters are used to treat cytopathic diseases such as HIV and associated conditions such as AIDS. The compositions and methods of the present invention may accomplish the treatment of HIV and associated conditions such as AIDS by any means possible. In some embodiments, the compositions and methods may modify HIV receptor activity in mammalian subjects. In another embodiment, compositions and methods may decrease the number of latent HIV reservoirs in an HIV-infected subject. In a further embodiment, it may enhance HIV activation in latent pro-viral cells. In additional embodiments, it may inhibit HIV-cytopathic effects.

In another embodiment, compositions containing phorbol esters and phorbol ester derivatives may be used for treating and managing symptoms of HIV and AIDS in mammalian subjects. Targeted symptoms for treatment and management employing the compositions and methods of the invention include, but are not limited to, oral lesions, fatigue, skin thrush, fever, lack of appetite, diarrhea, apthous ulcers, malabsorbtion, thrombocytopenia, weight loss, anemia, lymph node enlargement, susceptibility to and severity of secondary conditions such as mycobacterium avium complex, salmonellosis, syphilis, neuroshyphilis, turberculosis (TB), bacillary angiomatosis, aspergillosis, candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, listeriosis, pelvic inflammatory disease, Burkitt's lymphoma, cryptococcal meningitis, histoplasmosis, Kaposi's sarcoma, lymphoma, systemic non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), primary CNS lymphoma, cryptosporidiosis, isosporiasis, microsporidiosis, pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP), toxoplasmosis, cytomegalovirus (CMV), hepatitis, herpes simplex, herpes zoster, human papiloma virus (HPV, genital warts, cervical cancer), molluscum contagiosum, oral hairy leukoplakia (OHL), and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML).

In a further embodiment, compounds containing phorbol esters and derivatives of phorbol esters may be used to treat cytopathic conditions such as neoplastic diseases. Such neoplasms may be malignant or benign. In some embodiments, neoplasms may be solid or non-solid cancers. In other embodiments, the neoplasms may be relapses. In another embodiment, the neoplasms may be refractory. Exemplary neoplasms include, but are not limited to, hematologic malignancies/bone marrow disorders, including, but not limited to, leukemia, including acute myeloid leukemia (AML), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), chronic myeloid leukemia blast crisis, myelodysplasia, and myeloproliferative syndrome; lymphoma, including Hodgkins and non-Hodgkins lymphoma; subcutaneous adenocarcinoma; ovarian teratocarcinoma; and prostate cancer. Other neoplastic conditions amenable to treatment using the methods and compositions include other cancer disorders and conditions, including solid tumors of various types, where successful treatment and/or remission will be determined according to conventional methods, such as determining size reduction of solid tumors, and/or histopathological studies to assess growth, stage, metastatic state or potential, presence or expression levels of histological cancer markers, etc.

Compositions and methods herein may additionally be used treat symptoms of neoplastic disease including, but not limited to, anemia; chronic fatigue; excessive or easy bleeding, such as bleeding of the nose, gums, and under the skin; easy bruising, particularly bruising with no apparent cause; shortness of breath; petechiae; recurrent fever; swollen gums; slow healing of cuts; bone and joint discomfort; recurrent infections; weight loss; itching; night sweats; lymph node swelling; fever; abdominal pain and discomfort; disturbances in vision; coughing; loss of appetite; pain in the chest; difficulty swallowing; swelling of the face, neck and upper extremities; a need to urinate frequently, especially at night; difficulty starting urination or holding back urine; weak or interrupted flow of urine; painful or burning urination; difficulty in having an erection; painful ejaculation; blood in urine or semen; frequent pain or stiffness in the lower back, hips, or upper thighs; and weakness.

In yet another embodiment, the phorbol esters and derivatives of phorbol esters may be used to modulate cell signaling pathways. Such modulation may have a variety of results, for example, in some embodiments, the use of compositions containing phorbol esters and derivatives of phorbol esters may increase white blood cell counts in mammalian subjects. In another embodiment, compositions containing phorbol esters and/or phorbol ester derivatives may alter the release of Th1 cytokines in mammalian subjects. In a further embodiment, compositions containing phorbol esters and/or phorbol ester derivatives may alter the release of interleukin 2 (IL-2) in mammalian subjects. In an additional embodiment, compositions containing phorbol esters and/or phorbol ester derivatives may alter the release of interferon in mammalian subjects. In yet another embodiment, compositions containing phorbol esters and/or phorbol ester derivatives may alter the rate of ERK phosphorylation.

The invention achieves the foregoing and satisfies additional objects and advantages by providing novel and surprisingly effective methods and compositions for modulating cell signaling pathways and/or treating cytopathic diseases and symptoms of cytopathic diseases or conditions using compositions containing a phorbol ester or derivative composition of the Formula I, below:

wherein R₁ and R₂ may be hydrogen;

wherein the alkyl group contains 1 to 15 carbon atoms;

and substituted derivatives thereof and R₃ may be hydrogen or

and substituted derivatives thereof.

In another embodiment, at least one of R₁ and R₂ are other than hydrogen and R₃ is hydrogen or

and substituted derivatives thereof. In yet another embodiment, either R₁ or R₂ is

the remaining R₁ or R₂ is

and R₃ is hydrogen.

The alkyl, alkenyl, phenyl and benzyl groups of the formulas herein may be unsubstituted or substituted with halogens, preferably, chlorine, fluorine or bromine; nitro; amino; and/or similar type radicals.

In a further embodiment, the invention achieves these objects and satisfies additional objects and advantages by providing novel and surprisingly effective methods and compositions for modulating cell signaling pathways and/or treating cytopathic diseases or conditions associated with cytopathic diseases using an exemplary phorbol ester composition such as 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) of Formula II, below:

Useful phorbol esters and related compounds and derivatives within the formulations and methods of the invention include, but are not limited to, other pharmaceutically acceptable active salts of said compounds, as well as active isomers, enantiomers, polymorphs, glycosylated derivatives, solvates, hydrates, and/or prodrugs of said compounds. Exemplary forms of phorbol esters for use within the compositions and methods of the invention include, but are not limited to, phorbol 13-butyrate; phorbol 12-decanoate; phorbol 13-decanoate; phorbol 12,13-diacetate; phorbol 13,20-diacetate; phorbol 12,13-dibenzoate; phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate; phorbol 12,13-didecanoate; phorbol 12,13-dihexanoate; phorbol 12,13-dipropionate; phorbol 12-myristate; phorbol 13-myristate; phorbol 12-myristate-13-acetate (also known as TPA or PMA); phorbol 12,13,20-triacetate; 12-deoxyphorbol 13-angelate; 12-deoxyphorbol 13-angelate 20-acetate; 12-deoxyphorbol 13-isobutyrate; 12-deoxyphorbol 13-isobutyrate-20-acetate; 12-deoxyphorbol 13-phenylacetate; 12-deoxyphorbol 13-phenylacetate 20-acetate; 12-deoxyphorbol 13-tetradecanoate; phorbol 12-tigliate 13-decanoate; 12-deoxyphorbol 13-acetate; phorbol 12-acetate; and phorbol 13-acetate.

In exemplary embodiments, the compositions and methods of the invention employ a phorbol ester compound of Formula I to treat and/or prevent symptoms of cytopathic diseases including, but not limited to, symptoms of HIV and AIDS or other diseases and conditions associated with HIV and AIDS such as opportunistic infections, as well as symptoms of neoplastic diseases or other diseases and conditions associated with neoplastic diseases.

Mammalian subjects amenable to treatment with phorbol esters of Formula I, particularly TPA, according to the methods of the invention include, but are not limited to, subjects with HIV and AIDS, as well as subjects with symptoms, or secondary or opportunistic diseases associated with HIV and AIDS, such as oral lesions, fatigue, skin thrush, fever, lack of appetite, diarrhea, apthous ulcers, malabsorption, thrombocytopenia, weight loss, anemia, lymph node enlargement, mycobacterium avium complex, salmonellosis, syphilis, neuroshyphilis, turberculosis (TB), bacillary angiomatosis, aspergillosis, candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, listeriosis, pelvic inflammatory disease, Burkitt's lymphoma, cryptococcal meningitis, histoplasmosis, Kaposi's sarcoma, lymphoma, systemic non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), primary CNS lymphoma, cryptosporidiosis, isosporiasis, microsporidiosis, pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP), toxoplasmosis, cytomegalovirus (CMV), hepatitis, herpes simplex, herpes zoster, human papiloma virus (HPV, genital warts, cervical cancer), molluscum contagiosum, oral hairy leukoplakia (OHL), and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML).

Additional mammalian subjects amenable to treatment with phorbol esters of Formula I, particularly TPA, according to the methods of the present invention include, but are not limited to, subjects suffering from neoplastic diseases including malignant neoplastic diseases such as solid and non-solid cancers. Non-solid cancers may include, hematologic malignancies/bone marrow disorders, including, but not limited to, leukemia, including acute myeloid leukemia (AML), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), chronic myeloid leukemia blast crisis, myelodysplasia, myeloproliferative syndrome. Solid cancers may include, but are not limited to, lymphoma, including Hodgkins and non-Hodgkins lymphoma, subcutaneous adenocarcinoma, ovarian teratocarcinoma, and prostate cancer. Subjects amenable to treatment with phorbol esters of Formula I, particularly TPA additionally include those suffering from symptoms of such neoplastic diseases such as, but not limited to, anemia; chronic fatigue; excessive or easy bleeding, such as bleeding of the nose, gums, and under the skin; easy bruising, particularly bruising with no apparent cause; shortness of breath; petechiae; recurrent fever., swollen gums; slow healing of cuts; bone and joint discomfort; recurrent infections; weight loss; itching; night sweats; lymph node swelling; fever; abdominal pain and discomfort; disturbances in vision; coughing; loss of appetite; pain in the chest; difficulty swallowing; swelling of the face, neck and upper extremities; a need to urinate frequently, especially at night; difficulty starting urination or holding back urine; weak or interrupted flow of urine; painful or burning urination; difficulty in having an erection; painful ejaculation; blood in urine or semen; frequent pain or stiffness in the lower back, hips, or upper thighs; and weakness. In some embodiments, such cancers may be relapses or refractory.

These and other subjects are effectively treated, prophylactically and/or therapeutically, by administering to the subject an effective amount of a phorbol ester of Formula I sufficient to prevent or reduce viral load, decrease latent reservoirs of HIV, increase immune responsiveness, increase the release of Th1 cytokines, prevent or reduce symptoms and conditions associated with HIV and AIDS, decrease and/or eliminate neoplastic cells, increase white blood cell counts, induce remission, maintain remission, prevent or reduce symptoms and conditions associated with malignancies and/or increase ERK phosphorylation. Therapeutically useful methods and formulations of the invention will effectively use a phorbol ester of Formula I in a variety of forms, as noted above, including any active, pharmaceutically acceptable salts of said compounds, as well as active isomers, enantiomers, polymorphs, solvates, hydrates, prodrugs, and/or combinations thereof TPA of formula II is employed as an illustrative embodiment of the invention within the examples herein below.

Within additional aspects of the invention, combinatorial formulations and methods are provided which employ an effective amount of a phorbol ester of Formula I in combination with one or more secondary or adjunctive active agent(s) that is/are combinatorially formulated or coordinately administered with the phorbol ester compound of Formula I to yield an effective response in the subject. Exemplary combinatorial formulations and coordinate treatment methods in the treatment of viral cytopathic diseases such as HIV and AIDS employ the phorbol ester compound of Formula I in combination with one or more additional, retroviral, HIV or AIDS treating or other indicated secondary or adjunctive therapeutic agents. Such combinatorial formulations and coordinate treatment methods may, for example, follow or be derived from various highly active antiretroviral therapy protocols (HAART protocols) and include regimens such as, but not limited to, two nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors plus one or more protease inhibitor or non-nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor among other combinations. Other combinatorial formulations and coordinate treatment methods may, for example, include treatments for opportunistic infections as well as the compounds for the HAART protocols. The secondary or adjunctive therapeutic agents used in combination with, e.g., TPA, in these embodiments may possess direct or indirect antiviral effects, alone or in combination with, e.g. TPA, may exhibit other useful adjunctive therapeutic activity in combination with, e.g. TPA (such as HIV preventing, HIV treating, HIV reservoir activating, Th1 cytokine increasing activity); or may exhibit adjunctive therapeutic activity useful for treating opportunistic infections associated with HIV alone or in combination with, e.g. TPA.

Useful adjunctive therapeutic agents in these combinatorial formulations and coordinate treatment methods include, for example, protease inhibitors, including, but not limited to, saquinavir, indinavir, ritonavir, nelfinavir, atazanavir, darunavir, fosamprenavir, tipranavir and amprenavir; nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors including but not limited to, zidovudine, didanosine, stavudine, lamivudine, zalcitabine, emtricitabine, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, AVX754 and abacavir; non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors including, but not limited to, nevaripine, delavirdine, calanolide A, TMC125 and efavirenz; combination drugs including, but not limited to, efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, lamivudine/zidovudine, abacavir/lamivudine, abacavir/lamivudine/zidovudine, emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, and lopinavir/ritonavir; entry and fusion inhibitors, including, but not limited to, enfuvirtide, AMD070, BMS-488043, fozivudine tidoxil, GSK-873,140, PRO 140, PRO 542, Peptide T, SCH-D, TNX-355, and UK-427,857; treatments for opportunistic infections and other conditions associated with AIDS and HIV including, but not limited to, acyclovir, adefovir dipivoxil, aldesleukin, amphotericin b, azithromycin, calcium hydroxylapatite, clarithromycin, doxorubic in, dronabinol, entecavir, epoetin alfa, etoposide, fluconazole, ganciclovir, immunoglobulins, interferon alfa-2, isoniazid, itraconazole, megestrol, paclitaxel, peginterferon alfa-2, pentamidine, poly-1-lactic acid, ribavirin, rifabutin, rifampin, somatropin, testosterone, trimetrexate, and valganciclovir; integrase inhibitors including, but not limited to, GS 9137, MK-0518; microbicides, including, but not limited to, BMS-378806, C31G, carbopol 974P, carrageenan, cellulose sulfate, cyanovirin-N, dextran sulfate, hydroxyethyl cellulose, PRO 2000, SPL7013, tenofovir, UC-781 and IL-2.

Exemplary combinatorial formulations and coordinate treatment methods in the treatment of neoplastic disease employ the phorbol ester compound of Formula I in combination with one or more additional, neoplastic disease treating or other indicated, secondary or adjunctive therapeutic agents. The secondary or adjunctive therapeutic agents used in combination with, e.g., TPA, in these embodiments may possess direct or indirect chemotherapeutic effects, alone or in combination with, e.g. TPA, may exhibit other useful adjunctive therapeutic activity in combination with, e.g. TPA (such as cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, NF-κB inhibiting, apoptosis inducing, Th1 cytokine increasing activity); or may exhibit adjunctive therapeutic activity useful for treating neoplasms or associated symptoms alone or in combination with, e.g. TPA.

Useful adjunctive or secondary therapeutic agents in these combinatorial formulations and coordinate treatment methods include doxorubicin, vitamin D3, cytarabine, cytosine arabinoside, daunorubicin, cyclophosphamide, gemtuzumab ozogamicin, idarubicin, mercaptopurine, mitoxantrone, thioguanine, aldesleukin, asparaginase, carboplatin, etoposide phosphate, fludarabine, methotrexate, etoposide, dexamethasone, and choline magnesium trisalicylate. In addition, adjunctive or secondary therapies may be used such as, but not limited to, radiation treatment, hormone therapy and surgery.

The forgoing and additional objects, features, aspects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

Novel methods and compositions have been identified for use in preventing and/or treating cytopathic diseases and conditions in mammalian subjects. In various embodiments, the methods and compositions are effective to prevent or treat HIV and AIDS and related conditions, diseases caused by HIV and AIDS, and/or diseases acquired because of HIV or AIDS infection. In other embodiments, the methods and compositions are effective to prevent or treat neoplastic diseases and symptoms of such diseases. Such neoplastic diseases may or may not be malignant. In some embodiments, the neoplastic diseases may be solid or non-solid cancers. In other embodiments, the cancers may be refractory or relapses.

Formulations and methods provided herein employ a phorbol ester or derivative compound of Formula I, above, including all active pharmaceutically acceptable compounds of this description as well as various foreseen and readily provided complexes, salts, solvates, isomers, enantiomers, polymorphs and prodrugs of these compounds and combinations thereof as novel HIV and AIDS treating compounds.

Formulations and methods provided herein additionally employ a phorbol ester or derivative compound of Formula I, above, including all active pharmaceutically acceptable compounds of this description as well as various foreseen and readily provided complexes, salts, solvates, isomers, enantiomers, polymorphs and prodrugs of these compounds and combinations thereof in the treatment of neoplastic diseases.

Viral load decreasing formulations and methods provided herein employ a phorbol ester or derivative compound of Formula I, above, including all active pharmaceutically acceptable compounds of this description as well as various foreseen and readily provided complexes, salts, solvates, isomers, enantiomers, polymorphs and prodrugs of these compounds and combinations thereof as novel viral load decreasing agents.

Apoptosis inducing formulations and methods provided herein employ a phorbol ester or derivative compound of Formula I, above, including all active pharmaceutically acceptable compounds of this description as well as various foreseen and readily provided complexes, salts, solvates, isomers, enantiomers, polymorphs and prodrugs of these compounds and combinations thereof as chemotherapeutic agents that induce apoptosis in neoplasms.

Remission inducing formulations and methods provided herein employ a phorbol ester or derivative compound of Formula I, above, including all active pharmaceutically acceptable compounds of this description as well as various foreseen and readily provided complexes, salts, solvates, isomers, enantiomers, polymorphs and prodrugs of these compounds and combinations thereof as anti-neoplasm agents.

Immune responsiveness increasing formulations and methods provided herein employ a phorbol ester or derivative compound of Formula I, above, including all active pharmaceutically acceptable compounds of this description as well as various foreseen and readily provided complexes, salts, solvates, isomers, enantiomers, polymorphs and prodrugs of these compounds and combinations thereof as immune stimulatory compounds.

Th1 cytokine increasing formulations and methods provided herein employ a phorbol ester or derivative compound of Formula I, above, including all active pharmaceutically acceptable compounds of this description as well as various foreseen and readily provided complexes, salts, solvates, isomers, enantiomers, polymorphs and prodrugs of these compounds and combinations thereof as novel Th1 cytokine increasing agents.

A broad range of mammalian subjects, including human subjects, are amenable to treatment using the formulations and methods of the invention. These subjects include, but are not limited to, individuals suffering from cytopathic diseases or conditions including neoplastic diseases and viral cytopathic diseases such as HIV and AIDS.

Subjects amenable to treatment include HIV+ human and other mammalian subjects presenting with oral lesions, fatigue, skin thrush, fever, lack of appetite, diarrhea, apthous ulcers, malabsorption, thrombocytopenia, weight loss, anemia, lymph node enlargement, susceptibility to and severity of secondary conditions such as mycobacterium avium complex, salmonellosis, syphilis, neuroshyphilis, turberculosis (TB), bacillary angiomatosis, aspergillosis, candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, listeriosis, pelvic inflammatory disease, Burkitt's lymphoma, cryptococcal meningitis, histoplasmosis, Kaposi's sarcoma, lymphoma, systemic non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), primary CNS lymphoma, cryptosporidiosis, isosporiasis, microsporidiosis, pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP), toxoplasmosis, cytomegalovirus (CMV), hepatitis, herpes simplex, herpes zoster, human papiloma virus (HPV, genital warts, cervical cancer), molluscum contagiosum, oral hairy leukoplakia (OHL), and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML).

Within the methods and compositions of the invention, one or more phorbol ester compound(s) of Formula I as disclosed herein is/are effectively formulated or administered as an agent effective for treating HIV/AIDS and/or related disorders. In exemplary embodiments, TPA is demonstrated for illustrative purposes to be an effective agent in pharmaceutical formulations and therapeutic methods, alone or in combination with one or more adjunctive therapeutic agent(s). The present disclosure further provides additional, pharmaceutically acceptable phorbol ester compounds in the form of a native or synthetic compound, including complexes, derivatives, salts, solvates, isomers, enantiomers, polymorphs, and prodrugs of the compounds disclosed herein, and combinations thereof, which are effective as therapeutic agents within the methods and compositions of the invention in the treatment of HIV/AIDS and related conditions.

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS or Aids) is a collection of symptoms and infections resulting from damage to the immune system caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The damage to the immune system leaves individuals prone to opportunistic infections and tumors. Although treatments for AIDS and HIV exist to slow the virus's progression and the severity of the symptoms, there is no known cure.

HIV is a retrovirus that primarily infects components of the human immune system such as CD4+ T cells, macrophages and dendritic cells. When CD4+ T cells are destroyed and their total count decreases to below 200 CD4+ T cells/μL of blood or the percentage of CD4+ T-cell as a fraction of the total lymphocytes falls to less than 14%, cellular immunity is lost, leading to AIDS.

It is currently believed that a change in the T_(h)1 and T_(h)2 cytokine balance can contribute to immune dysregulation associated with HIV infection. T_(h)1 cells produce cytokines that stimulate proliferation of cytotoxic T cells. T_(h)2 cells produce cytokines that are responsible for activation of the humoral immune responses in healthy people. Progression from HIV infection to AIDS is characterized by a decrease in levels of T_(h)1 cytokines IL-2, IL-12 and IFN-γ with a concomitant increase in levels of T_(h)2 cytokines IL-4, IL-5 and IL-10. (Clerci, Immunology Today, v. 14, No. 3, p. 107-110, 1993; Becker, Virus Genes 28:1, 5-18 (2004)). Resistance to HIV infection and/or resistance to progression to AIDS may therefore be dependent on a T_(h)1>T_(h)2 dominance.

A fraction of CD4+ memory T cells contain integrated transcriptionally inactive proviruses for HIV. These latent reservoirs may be activated to produce active infectious virus following activation by specific antigens or cytokines. The half life of these CD4 memory T cells is at least 44 months making it extremely difficult to eliminate HIV and requiring extended continuation of antiretroviral therapy even when HIV levels in the peripheral blood are undetectable.

Prostratin, 12-deoxyphorbol 13-acetate, a non-tumor promoting phorbol ester, has reportedly shown some effectiveness for inhibiting HIV induced cell killing and viral replication. Prostratin reportedly activated viral expression in latently-infected cell lines, but had little or no effect on chronically-infected cell lines. (Gulakowski, et al., Antiviral Research v. 33, 87-97 (1997); Williams, et al., JBC v. 279, No. 40, P. 42008-42017 (2004)). Prostratin represents a distinct subclass of protein kinase C activators which has unique biological activities that differ from tumor-promoting phorbol esters such as TPA.

Mammalian subjects amenable to treatment with phorbol esters of Formula I, particularly TPA, according to the methods of the present invention additionally include, but are not limited to, mammalian subjects with neoplastic diseases including solid and non-solid cancers, including hematologic malignancies/bone marrow disorders, such as leukemia, including acute myeloid leukemia (AML), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), chronic myeloid leukemia blast crisis, myelodysplasia, myeloproliferative syndrome; lymphoma, including Hodgkins and non-Hodgkins lymphoma; subcutaneous adenocarcinoma; ovarian teratocarcinoma; and prostate cancer. In some embodiments, such cancers may be relapses or refractory.

Within the methods and compositions of the invention, one or more phorbol ester compound(s) of Formula I as disclosed herein is/are effectively formulated or administered as an agent effective for treating neoplastic diseases. In exemplary embodiments, TPA is demonstrated for illustrative purposes to be an effective agent in pharmaceutical formulations and therapeutic methods, alone or in combination with one or more adjunctive therapeutic agent(s). The present disclosure further provides additional, pharmaceutically acceptable phorbol ester compounds in the form of a native or synthetic compound, including complexes, derivatives, salts, solvates, isomers, enantiomers, polymorphs, and prodrugs of the compounds disclosed herein, and combinations thereof, which are effective as therapeutic agents within the methods and compositions of the invention in the treatment of neoplastic diseases and symptoms of such diseases.

Neoplastic disease is any growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream. Such growths may be malignant or benign, solid or non-solid.

In some embodiments, the neoplastic diseases may be a hematological neoplasm/bone marrow disorder such as acute myeloid leukemia (AML). AML (also called acute myelogenous leukemia, acute myeloblastic leukemia, acute granulocytic leukemia, and acute nonlymphocytic leukemia) is the most common type of acute leukemia in adults. In AML, stem cells produced by the bone marrow usually develop into a type of immature white blood cell called myeloblasts (or myeloid blasts). In individuals suffering from AML, these myeloblasts do not mature into healthy white blood cells. Additionally, stem cells in individuals with AML may develop into abnormal red blood cells or platelets. The lack of normal blood cells increases incidences of infection, anemia, and easy bleeding. Additionally, the leukemia cells can spread outside the blood to other parts of the body, including the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord), skin, and gums.

The average age of a patient with AML is over 64 years of age. Patients over the age of 60 treated for AML with standard chemotherapeutics have a remission rate of less than 20%. Additionally, patients who develop AML after an antecedent hematologic disorder or prior leukemogenic chemotherapy/radiation therapy have similarly poor outcomes.

Phorbol is a natural, plant-derived polycyclic alcohol of the tigliane family of diterpenes. It was first isolated in 1934 as the hydrolysis product of croton oil derived from the seeds of Croton tiglium. It is well soluble in most polar organic solvents and in water. Esters of phorbol have the general structure of Formula I, below:

wherein R₁ and R₂ are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen;

wherein the alkyl group contains 1 to 15 carbon atoms, and substituted derivatives thereof and R₃ may be hydrogen,

or substituted derivatives thereof.

The term “lower alkyl” or “lower alkenyl” as used herein means moieties containing 1-7 carbon atoms. In the compounds of the Formula I, the alkyl or alkenyl groups may be straight or branched chain. In some embodiments, either or both R₁ or R₂, are a long chain carbon moiety (i.e., Formula I is decanoate or myristate).

The alkyl, alkenyl, phenyl and benzyl groups of the formulas herein may be unsubstituted or substituted with halogens, preferably, chlorine, fluorine or bromine; nitro; amino and similar type radicals.

Organic and synthetic forms of phorbol esters, including any preparations or extracts from herbal sources such as croton tiglium, are contemplated as useful compositions comprising phorbol esters (or phorbol ester analogs, related compounds and/or derivatives) for use within the embodiments herein. Useful phorbol esters and/or related compounds for use within the embodiments herein will typically have a structure as illustrated in Formula I, although functionally equivalent analogs, complexes, conjugates, and derivatives of such compounds will also be appreciated by those skilled in the art as within the scope of the invention.

In more detailed embodiments, illustrative structural modifications according to Formula I above will be selected to provide useful candidate compounds for treating and/or preventing HIV and AIDS and/or neoplastic diseases, wherein: at least one of R₁ and R₂ are other than hydrogen and R₃ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen

and substituted derivatives thereof. In another embodiment, either R₁ or R₂ is

the remaining R₁ or R₂ is

and R₃ is hydrogen.

An exemplary embodiment of a phorbol ester compound of Formula I useful in the treatment of cytopathic diseases such as HIV and AIDS and/or neoplastic diseases, particularly AML, is found in phorbol 12-myristate-13-acetate (also known as PMA or 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA)) shown in Formula II, below.

Additional useful phorbol esters and related compounds and derivatives within the formulations and methods of the invention include, but are not limited to, other pharmaceutically acceptable active salts of said compounds, as well as active isomers, enantiomers, polymorphs, glycosylated derivatives, solvates, hydrates, and/or prodrugs of said compounds. Further exemplary forms of phorbol esters for use within the compositions and methods of the invention include, but are not limited to, phorbol 13-butyrate; phorbol 12-decanoate; phorbol 13-decanoate; phorbol 12,13-diacetate; phorbol 13,20-diacetate; phorbol 12,13-dibenzoate; phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate; phorbol 12,13-didecanoate; phorbol 12,13-dihexanoate; phorbol 12,13-dipropionate; phorbol 12-myristate; phorbol 13-myristate; phorbol 12,13,20-triacetate; 12-deoxyphorbol 13-angelate; 12-deoxyphorbol 13-angelate 20-acetate; 12-deoxyphorbol 13-isobutyrate; 12-deoxyphorbol 13-isobutyrate-20-acetate; 12-deoxyphorbol 13-phenylacetate; 12-deoxyphorbol 13-phenylacetate 20-acetate; 12-deoxyphorbol 13-tetradecanoate; phorbol 12-tigliate 13-decanoate; 12-deoxyphorbol 13-acetate; phorbol 12-acetate; and phorbol 13-acetate.

Cytopathic disease treating compositions herein comprise HIV- and AIDS-treating compositions comprising an anti-AIDS effective amount of a phorbol ester compound of Formula I, which is effective for prophylaxis and/or treatment of HIV, AIDS, and/or HIV-related symptoms, including opportunistic infections, in a mammalian subject. An “anti-HIV”, “anti-AIDS”, or “AIDS treating” effective amount of the active compound is therapeutically effective, in a single or multiple unit dosage form, over a specified period of therapeutic intervention, to measurably alleviate one or more symptoms of AIDS in a subject, and/or to alleviate one or more symptom(s) or condition(s) associated with HIV infection in the subject. Within exemplary embodiments, the compositions of the invention are effective in treatment methods to alleviate symptoms of AIDS or other HIV-related conditions in human and other mammalian subjects vulnerable to HIV infection.

Cytopathic disease treating compositions herein additionally may comprise chemotherapeutic compositions comprising an anti-neoplastic effective amount of a phorbol ester or derivative compound of Formula I, which is effective for maintenance and treatment of malignancies or symptoms caused by cancer in a mammalian subject. A “chemotherapeutic”, “anti-tumor,” “cancer treating”, “apoptosis inducing”, “remission inducing”, “remission maintaining” effective amount of the active compound is therapeutically effective, in a single or multiple unit dosage form, over a specified period of therapeutic intervention, to measurably alleviate one or more symptoms of malignancy in a subject, and/or to alleviate one or more symptom(s) or condition(s) associated with malignancy in the subject. Within exemplary embodiments, the compositions of the invention are effective in treatment methods to alleviate symptoms of neoplastic disease related conditions in human and other mammalian subjects vulnerable to malignancies.

Cytopathic disease treating, including chemotherapeutic and HIV treating, compositions of the invention typically comprise an effective amount or unit dosage of a phorbol ester compound of Formula I, which may be formulated with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, excipients, vehicles, emulsifiers, stabilizers, preservatives, buffers, and/or other additives that may enhance stability, delivery, absorption, half-life, efficacy, pharmacokinetics, and/or pharmacodynamics, reduce adverse side effects, or provide other advantages for pharmaceutical use. Effective amounts of a phorbol ester compound or related or derivative compound of Formula I (e.g., a unit dose comprising an effective concentration/amount of TPA, or of a selected pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, enantiomer, solvate, polymorph and/or prodrug of TPA) will be readily determined by those of ordinary skill in the art, depending on clinical and patient-specific factors. Suitable effective unit dosage amounts of the active compounds for administration to mammalian subjects, including humans, may range from 10 to 1500 μg, 20 to 1000 μg, 25 to 750 μg, 50 to 500 μg, or 150 to 500 μg. In certain embodiments, the cytopathic disease treating effective dosage of a phorbol ester compound or related or derivative compound of Formula I may be selected within narrower ranges of, for example, 10 to 25 μg, 30-50 μg, 75 to 100 μg, 100 to 250 μg, or 250 to 500 μg. These and other effective unit dosage amounts may be administered in a single dose, or in the form of multiple daily, weekly or monthly doses, for example in a dosing regimen comprising from 1 to 5, or 2 to 3, doses administered per day, per week, or per month. In one exemplary embodiment, dosages of 10 to 30 μg, 30 to 50 μg, 50 to 100 μg, 100 to 250 μg, or 250 to 500 μg, are administered one, two, three, four, or five times per day. In more detailed embodiments, dosages of 50-100 μg, 100-250 μg, 250-400 μg, or 400-600 μg are administered once or twice daily. In a further embodiment, dosages of 50-100 μg, 100-2500 μg, 250-400 μg, or 400-600 μg are administered every other day. In alternate embodiments, dosages are calculated based on body weight, and may be administered, for example, in amounts from about 0.5 μg/sq.m to about 100 μg/sq.m per day, 1 μg/sq.m to about 75 μg/sq.m per day, 1 μg/sq.m to about 50 μg/sq.m per day, 2 μg/sq.m to about 50 μg/sq.m per day, 2 μg/sq.m to about 30 μg/sq.m per day or 3 μg/sq.m to about 30 μg/sq.m per day.

The amount, timing and mode of delivery of compositions of the invention comprising a cytopathic disease treating effective amount of a phorbol ester compound of Formula I (AIDS treating, HIV preventing, HIV treating, HIV reservoir activating, Th1 cytokine increasing, ERK phosphorylation inducing, chemotherapeutic, anti-tumor, cancer treating, remission inducing, remission maintaining, apoptosis inducing effective amount) will be routinely adjusted on an individual basis, depending on such factors as weight, age, gender, and condition of the individual, the acuteness of the cytopathic disease and/or related symptoms, whether the administration is prophylactic or therapeutic, and on the basis of other factors known to effect drug delivery, absorption, pharmacokinetics, including half-life, and efficacy.

An effective dose or multi-dose treatment regimen for the instant cytopathic disease treating (alternatively, “AIDS treating”, “HIV treating”, “HIV preventing”, “HIV reservoir activating”, or “Th1 cytokine increasing”, “ERK phosphorylation inducing”, “chemotherapeutic”, “anti-tumor”, “cancer treating”, “apoptosis inducing”, “remission inducing”, “remission maintaining”) formulations of the invention will ordinarily be selected to approximate a minimal dosing regimen that is necessary and sufficient to substantially prevent or alleviate the symptoms of the cytopathic disease including AIDS or neoplastic diseases such as cancer and related opportunistic diseases in the subject, and/or to substantially prevent or alleviate one or more symptoms associated with. AIDS or neoplastic diseases such as cancer in the subject. A dosage and administration protocol will often include repeated dosing therapy over a course of several days or even one or more weeks or years. An effective treatment regime may also involve prophylactic dosage administered on a day or multi-dose per day basis lasting over the course of days, weeks, months or even years.

Various assays and model systems can be readily employed to determine the therapeutic effectiveness of the treatment of cytopathic diseases. For example in the treatment of HIV or AIDS effectiveness may be demonstrated by a decrease in viral load, an increase in CD4 counts, an increase in CD3 counts, an increase in IL-2 and IFN production, a decrease in IL-4 and IL-10 production, and a decrease or elimination of the symptoms of AIDS among other methods of determining effectiveness known to those of skill in the art.

Effectiveness of the compositions and methods of the invention may be demonstrated, for example, through blood tests for HIV antibodies, viral load, CD4 levels, CD8 counts, and CD3 counts. Normal levels of CD4 are usually between 600 and 1200 per microliter, or 32-68% of lymphocytes. Individuals with a CD4 count of less than 350 have a weakened immune system. Those with a CD4 count of less than 200 are considered to have AIDS. CD8 levels in a healthy individual are generally between 150-1000 per microliter. CD3 levels in a healthy individual are generally between about 885-2270 per microliter. Levels of CD3, CD4 and CD8 cells may be measured, for example, using flow cytometry. Effective amounts of the compositions of the invention will increase levels of CD3, CD4 and CD8 positive cells by at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 50% or greater reduction, up to a 75-90%, or 95% or greater. Effective amounts will also move the CD3, CD4 and CD8 profile of an individual towards the optimal category for each type of glycoprotein.

Individuals may also be evaluated using a beta₂-microglobulin (beta₂-M) test. Beta₂-microglobulin is a protein released into the blood when a cell dies. A rising beta₂-M blood level can be used to measure the progression of AIDS. Effective amounts of a composition of the present invention will lead to a decrease or cessation of increase in the amount of beta₂-M.

Effectiveness may further be demonstrated using a complete blood count (CBC). The measurements taken in a CBC include a white blood cell count (WBC), a red blood cell count (RBC), the red cell distribution width, the hematocrit, and the amount of hemoglobin. Specific AIDS-related signs in a CBC include a low hematocrit, a sharp decrease in the number of blood platelets, and a low level of neutrophils. An effective amount of a composition of the present invention will increase the levels measured in a complete blood count by 10%, 20%, 30%, 50% or greater increase, up to a 75-90%, or 95% or greater. Effective amounts will also move the blood protein of an individual towards the optimal category for each type of protein.

Effectiveness of the compositions and methods of the invention may also be demonstrated by a decrease in the symptoms of HIV or AIDS including, but not limited to, oral lesions, fatigue, skin thrush, fever, lack of appetite, diarrhea, apthous ulcers, malabsorption, thrombocytopenia, weight loss, anemia, and lymph node enlargement.

Effectiveness of the compositions and methods of the invention may also be demonstrated by a decrease in the susceptibility to and severity of secondary or opportunistic conditions such as mycobacterium avium complex, salmonellosis, syphilis, neuroshyphilis, turberculosis (TB), bacillary angiomatosis, aspergillosis, candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, listeriosis, pelvic inflammatory disease, Burkitt's lymphoma, cryptococcal meningitis, histoplasmosis, Kaposi's sarcoma, lymphoma, systemic non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), primary CNS lymphoma, cryptosporidiosis, isosporiasis, microsporidiosis, pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP), toxoplasmosis, cytomegalovirus (CMV), hepatitis, herpes simplex, herpes zoster, human papiloma virus (HPV, genital warts, cervical cancer), molluscum contagiosum, oral hairy leukoplakia (OHL), and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML).

Effectiveness may further be demonstrated by reduction of detectable HIV in the HIV-infected subject; maintaining a normal T cell count; or maintaining normal p24 antigen levels.

Effectiveness in the treatment of neoplastic diseases may also be determined by a number of methods such as, but not limited to, ECOG Performance Scale, the Karnofsky Performance Scale, microscopic examination of blood cells, bone marrow aspiration and biopsy, cytogenetic analysis, biopsy, immunophenotyping, blood chemistry studies, a complete blood count, lymph node biopsy, peripheral blood smear, visual analysis of a tumor or lesion, or any other method of evaluating and/or diagnosing malignancies and tumor progression known to those of skill in the art.

For example, effectiveness of the compositions and methods herein in the treatment of hematologic malignancies/bone marrow disorders may be evaluated using, an absolute neutrophil count (ANC). A normal ANC is between 1,500 to 8,000/mm3. Individuals suffering from hematologic malignancies/bone marrow disorders frequently have an ANC below 1500/mm³, and may even reach levels below 500/mm³. Effective amounts of the compositions and methods herein will increase an individual's ANC by 10%, 20%, 30%, 50% or greater increase, up to a 75-90%, or 95% or greater. Effective amounts may increase ANC levels above 1500/mm³.

Effectiveness of the compositions and methods herein in the treatment of hematologic malignancies/bone marrow disorders may further be evaluated using, for example, a platelet count. A platelet count is normally between 150,000 to 450,000 platelets per microliter (×10-6/Liter). Individuals suffering from hematologic malignancies/bone marrow disorder may have platelet counts below 100,000 per microliter. Effective amounts of the compositions and methods herein will increase an individual's platelet count by 10%, 20%, 30%, 50% or greater increase, up to a 75-90%, or 95% or greater. Effective amounts may increase platelet levels above 100,000 per microliter.

Effectiveness of the compositions and methods herein in the treatment of hematologic malignancies/bone marrow disorders may additionally be evaluated, for example, by measuring the number of myeloblasts. Myeloblasts normally represent less than 5% of the cells in the bone marrow but should not be present in circulating blood. Effective amounts of the compositions and methods herein will decrease the number of myeloblasts by 10%, 20%, 30%, 50% or more, up to a 75-90%, 96% or greater decrease. Effective amounts may decrease myeloblasts to below 5%.

Effectiveness of the compositions and methods herein in the treatment of hematologic malignancies/bone marrow disorders may further be evaluated by examining myeloblasts for the presence of Auer rods. Effective amounts of the compositions of the present invention will decrease the number of Auer rods visible by 10%, 20%, 30%, 50% or more, up to a 75-90%, 96% or greater decrease up to the complete elimination of Auer rods.

Effectiveness of the compositions and methods of the invention may also be demonstrated by a decrease in the symptoms of subjects suffering from neoplastic disease including, but not limited to, anemia; chronic fatigue; excessive or easy bleeding, such as bleeding of the nose, gums, and under the skin; easy bruising, particularly bruising with no apparent cause; shortness of breath; petechiae; recurrent fever; swollen gums; slow healing of cuts; bone and joint discomfort; recurrent infections; weight loss; itching; night sweats; lymph node swelling; fever; abdominal pain and discomfort; disturbances in vision; coughing; loss of appetite; pain in the chest; difficulty swallowing; swelling of the face, neck and upper extremities; a need to urinate frequently, especially at night; difficulty starting urination or holding back urine; weak or interrupted flow of urine; painful or burning urination; difficulty in having an erection; painful ejaculation; blood in urine or semen; frequent pain or stiffness in the lower back, hips, or upper thighs; and weakness.

For each of the indicated conditions described herein, test subjects will exhibit a 10%, 20%, 30%, 50% or greater reduction, up to a 75-90%, or 96% or greater, reduction, in one or more symptom(s) caused by, or associated with, the cytopathic disease, or related diseases or conditions in the subject, compared to placebo-treated or other suitable control subjects.

Within additional aspects of the invention, combinatorial cytopathic disease treating (AIDS treating, HIV preventing, HIV treating, HIV reservoir activating, Th1 cytokine increasing, ERK phosphorylation inducing, apoptosis inducing, chemotherapeutic, anti-tumor, cancer treating, remission inducing, remission maintaining) formulations and coordinate administration methods are provided which employ an effective amount of a phorbol ester compound of Formula I and one or more secondary or adjunctive agent(s) that is/are combinatorially formulated or coordinately administered with the phorbol ester compound of Formula I to yield a combined, multi-active cytopathic disease treating composition or coordinate treatment method.

Exemplary combinatorial formulations and coordinate treatment methods in this context employ the phorbol ester of Formula I in combination with the one or more secondary anti-AIDS agent(s), or with one or more adjunctive therapeutic agent(s) that is/are useful for treatment or prophylaxis of the targeted (or associated) disease, condition and/or symptom(s) in the selected combinatorial formulation or coordinate treatment regimen. For most combinatorial formulations and coordinate treatment methods of the invention, a phorbol ester compound of Formula I or related or derivative compound is formulated, or coordinately administered, in combination with one or more secondary or adjunctive therapeutic agent(s), to yield a combined formulation or coordinate treatment method that is combinatorially effective or coordinately useful to treat HIV/AIDS and/or one or more symptom(s) of a opportunistic or secondary disease or condition in the subject. Exemplary combinatorial formulations and coordinate treatment methods in this context employ a phorbol ester compound of Formula I in combination with one or more secondary or adjunctive therapeutic agents selected from, e.g., protease inhibitors, including, but not limited to, saquinavir, indinavir, ritonavir, nelfinavir, atazanavir, darunavir, fosamprenavir, tipranavir and amprenavir; nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors including but not limited to, zidovudine, didanosine, stavudine, lamivudine, zalcitabine, emtricitabine, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, AVX754 and abacavir; non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors including, but not limited to, nevaripine, delavirdine, calanolide A, TMC125 and efavirenz; combination drugs including, but not limited to, efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, lamivudine/zidovudine, abacavir/lamivudine, abacavir/lamivudine/zidovudine, emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, and lopinavir/ritonavir; entry and fusion inhibitors, including, but not limited to, enfuvirtide, AMD070, BMS-488043, fozivudine tidoxil, GSK-873,140, PRO 140, PRO 542, Peptide T, SCH-D, TNX-355, and UK-427,857; treatments for opportunistic infections and other conditions associated with AIDS and HIV including, but not limited to, acyclovir, adefovir dipivoxil, aldesleukin, amphotericin b, azithromycin, calcium hydroxylapatite, clarithromycin, doxorubicin, dronabinol, entecavir, epoetin alfa, etoposide, fluconazole, ganciclovir, immunoglobulins, interferon alfa-2, isoniazid, itraconazole, megestrol, paclitaxel, peginterferon alfa-2, pentamidine, poly-1-lactic acid, ribavirin, rifabutin, rifampin, somatropin, testosterone, trimetrexate, and valganciclovir; integrase inhibitors including, but not limited to, GS 9137, MK-0518; microbicides, including, but not limited to, BMS-378806, C31G, carbopol 974P, carrageenan, cellulose sulfate, cyanovirin-N, dextran sulfate, hydroxyethyl cellulose, PRO 2000, SPL7013, tenofovir, UC-781, and IL-2.

Additional exemplary combinatorial formulations and coordinate treatment methods may additionally employ the phorbol ester of Formula I in combination with one or more secondary anti-tumor agent(s), or with one or more adjunctive therapeutic agent(s) that is/are useful for treatment or prophylaxis of the targeted (or associated) disease, condition and/or symptom(s) in the selected combinatorial formulation or coordinate treatment regimen. For most combinatorial formulations and coordinate treatment methods of the invention, a phorbol ester compound of Formula I or related or derivative compound is formulated, or coordinately administered, in combination with one or more secondary or adjunctive therapeutic agent(s), to yield a combined formulation or coordinate treatment method that is combinatorially effective or coordinately useful to treat neoplastic diseases and one or more symptom(s) of a secondary disease or condition in the subject. Exemplary combinatorial formulations and coordinate treatment methods in this context employ a phorbol ester compound of Formula I in combination with one or more secondary or adjunctive therapeutic agents selected from, e.g., chemotherapeutic agents, anti-inflammatory agents, doxorubicin, vitamin D3, cytarabine, cytosine arabinoside, daunorubicin, cyclophosphamide, gemtuzumab ozogamicin, idarubicin, mercaptopurine, mitoxantrone, thioguanine, aldesleukin, asparaginase, carboplatin, etoposide phosphate, fludarabine, methotrexate, etoposide, dexamethasone, and choline magnesium trisalicylate. In addition, adjunctive or secondary therapies may be used such as, but not limited to, radiation treatment, hormone therapy and surgery.

In certain embodiments the invention provides combinatorial cytopathic disease treating (AIDS treating, HIV preventing, HIV treating, HIV reservoir activating. Th1 cytokine increasing, ERK phosphorylation inducing, apoptosis inducing, chemotherapeutic, anti-tumor, cancer treating, remission inducing, remission maintaining) formulations comprising a phorbol ester and one or more adjunctive agent(s) having cytopathic disease treating activity. Within such combinatorial formulations, a phorbol ester of Formula I and the adjunctive agent(s) having cytopathic disease treating activity will be present in a combined formulation in cytopathic disease treating (AIDS treating, HIV preventing, HIV treating, HIV reservoir activating, Th1 cytokine increasing, apoptosis inducing, ERK phosphorylation inducing, chemotherapeutic, anti-tumor, cancer treating, remission inducing, remission maintaining) effective amounts, alone or in combination. In exemplary embodiments, a phorbol ester compound of Formula I and a non-phorbol ester agent(s) will each be present in a cytopathic disease treating amount (i.e., in singular dosage which will alone elicit a detectable alleviation of symptoms in the subject). Alternatively, the combinatorial formulation may comprise one or both the phorbol ester compound of Formula I and the non-phorbol ester agents in sub-therapeutic singular dosage amount(s), wherein the combinatorial formulation comprising both agents features a combined dosage of both agents that is collectively effective in eliciting a cytopathic disease or condition symptom alleviating response. Thus, one or both of the phorbol ester of Formula I and non-phorbol ester agents may be present in the formulation, or administered in a coordinate administration protocol, at a sub-therapeutic dose, but collectively in the formulation or method they elicit a detectable decrease in symptoms of cytopathic disease in the subject. For example, in some embodiments, the combinatorial formulation may include one or more compounds from a highly active antiretroviral therapy protocol (HAART protocols) in combination with a phorbol ester, among other combinations. Other combinatorial formulations may, for example, include a phorbol ester and/or compounds effective in treating the opportunistic infections of AIDS as well as compounds from HAART protocols. In other embodiments, the combinatorial formulation may include one or more additional chemotherapeutic agents.

To practice coordinate administration methods of the invention, a phorbol ester compound of Formula I may be administered, simultaneously or sequentially, in a coordinate treatment protocol with one or more of the secondary or adjunctive therapeutic agents contemplated herein. Thus, in certain embodiments a compound is administered coordinately with a non-phorbol ester agent, or any other secondary or adjunctive therapeutic agent contemplated herein, using separate formulations or a combinatorial formulation as described above (i.e., comprising both a phorbol ester compound of Formula I or related or derivative compound, and a non-phorbol ester therapeutic agent). This coordinate administration may be done simultaneously or sequentially in either order, and there may be a time period while only one or both (or all) active therapeutic agents individually and/or collectively exert their biological activities.

In one embodiment, such coordinate treatment methods may, for example, follow or be derived from various highly active antiretroviral therapy protocols (HAART protocols) and include regimens such as, but not limited to, two nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors plus one or more protease inhibitor or non-nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor with a phorbol ester of Formula I, among other combinations. Other coordinate treatment methods may, for example, include a phorbol ester and/or treatments for opportunistic infections as well as compounds from HAART protocols. A distinguishing aspect of all such coordinate treatment methods is that the phorbol ester compound of Formula I exerts at least some activity, which yields a favorable clinical response in conjunction with a complementary AIDS symptom decreasing, or distinct, clinical response provided by the secondary or adjunctive therapeutic agent. Often, the coordinate administration of the phorbol ester compound of Formula I with the secondary or adjunctive therapeutic agent will yield improved therapeutic or prophylactic results in the subject beyond a therapeutic effect elicited by the phorbol ester compound of Formula I, or the secondary or adjunctive therapeutic agent administered alone. This qualification contemplates both direct effects, as well as indirect effects.

Within exemplary embodiments, a phorbol ester compound of Formula I will be coordinately administered (simultaneously or sequentially, in combined or separate formulation(s)), with one or more secondary HIV treating agents, or other indicated or adjunctive therapeutic agents, e.g., selected from, for example, protease inhibitors, including, but not limited to, saquinavir, indinavir, ritonavir, nelfinavir, atazanavir, darunavir, fosamprenavir, tipranavir and amprenavir; nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors including but not limited to, zidovudine, didanosine, stavudine, lamivudine, zalcitabine, emtricitabine, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, AVX754 and abacavir; non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors including, but not limited to, nevaripine, delavirdine, calanolide A, TMC125 and efavirenz; combination drugs including, but not limited to, efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, lamivudine/zidovudine, abacavir/lamivudine, abacavir/lamivudine/zidovudine, emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, and lopinavir/ritonavir; entry and fusion inhibitors, including, but not limited to, enfuvirtide, AMD070, BMS-488043, fozivudine tidoxil, GSK-873,140, PRO 140, PRO 542, Peptide T, SCH-D, TNX-355, and UK-427,857; treatments for opportunistic infections and other conditions associated with AIDS and HIV including, but not limited to, acyclovir, adefovir dipivoxil, aldesleukin, amphotericin b, azithromycin, calcium hydroxylapatite, clarithromycin, doxorubicin, dronabinol, entecavir, epoetin alfa, etoposide, fluconazole, ganciclovir, immunoglobulins, interferon alfa-2, isoniazid, itraconazole, megestrol, paclitaxel, peginterferon alfa-2, pentamidine, poly-1-lactic acid, ribavirin, rifabutin, rifampin, somatropin, testosterone, trimetrexate, and valganciclovir; integrase inhibitors including, but not limited to, GS 9137, MK-0518; microbicides, including, but not limited to, BMS-378806, C31G, carbopol 974P, carrageenan, cellulose sulfate, cyanovirin-N, dextran sulfate, hydroxyethyl cellulose, PRO 2000, SPL7013, tenofovir, and UC-781, and IL-2.

In another embodiment, such coordinate treatment methods may, for example, follow or be derived from various chemotherapeutic protocols. Other coordinate treatment methods may, for example, include a phorbol ester and/or treatments for additional symptoms of neoplastic diseases. A distinguishing aspect of all such coordinate treatment methods is that the phorbol ester compound of Formula I exerts at least some activity, which yields a favorable clinical response in conjunction with a complementary neoplastic disease symptom decreasing, or distinct, clinical response provided by the secondary or adjunctive therapeutic agent. Often, the coordinate administration of the phorbol ester compound of Formula I with the secondary or adjunctive therapeutic agent will yield improved therapeutic or prophylactic results in the subject beyond a therapeutic effect elicited by the phorbol ester compound of Formula I, or the secondary or adjunctive therapeutic agent administered alone. This qualification contemplates both direct effects as well as indirect effects.

Within exemplary embodiments, a phorbol ester compound of Formula I will be coordinately administered (simultaneously or sequentially, in combined or separate formulation(s)), with one or more secondary cancer treating agents, or other indicated or adjunctive therapeutic agents, e.g. doxorubicin, vitamin D3, cytarabine, cytosine arabinoside, daunorubicin, cyclophosphamide, gemtuzumab ozogamicin, idarubicin, mercaptopurine, mitoxantrone, thioguanine, aldesleukin, asparaginase, carboplatin, etoposide phosphate, fludarabine, methotrexate, etoposide, dexamethasone, and choline magnesium trisalicylate.

As noted above, in all of the various embodiments of the invention contemplated herein, the cytopathic disease treating methods and formulations may employ a phorbol ester compound of Formula I in any of a variety of forms, including any one or combination of the subject compound's pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, isomers, enantiomers, polymorphs, solvates, hydrates, and/or prodrugs. In exemplary embodiments of the invention, TPA is employed within the therapeutic formulations and methods for illustrative purposes.

The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may be administered by any means that achieve their intended therapeutic or prophylactic purpose. Suitable routes of administration for the compositions of the invention include, but are not limited to, conventional delivery routes, devices and methods including injectable methods such as, but not limited to, intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intraspinal, intrathecal, intracerebroventricular, intraarterial, subcutaneous and intranasal routes.

The compositions of the present invention may further include a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier appropriate for the particular mode of administration being employed. Dosage forms of the compositions of the present invention include excipients recognized in the art of pharmaceutical compounding as being suitable for the preparation of dosage units as discussed above. Such excipients include, without intended limitation, binders, fillers, lubricants, emulsifiers, suspending agents, sweeteners, flavorings, preservatives, buffers, wetting agents, disintegrants, effervescent agents and other conventional excipients and additives.

If desired, the compositions of the invention can be administered in a controlled release form by use of a slow release carrier, such as a hydrophilic, slow release polymer. Exemplary controlled release agents in this context include, but are not limited to, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, having a viscosity in the range of about 100 cps to about 100,000 cps or other biocompatible matrices such as cholesterol.

Some phorbol ester compositions of Formula I of the invention are designed for parenteral administration, e.g. to be administered intravenously, intramuscularly, subcutaneously or intraperitoneally, including aqueous and non-aqueous sterile injectable solutions which, like many other contemplated compositions of the invention, may optionally contain anti-oxidants, buffers, bacteriostats and/or solutes which render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the mammalian subject; and aqueous and non-aqueous sterile suspensions which may include suspending agents and/or thickening agents. The formulations may be presented in unit-dose or multi-dose containers. Additional compositions and formulations of the invention may include polymers for extended release following parenteral administration. The parenteral preparations may be solutions, dispersions or emulsions suitable for such administration. The subject agents may also be formulated into polymers for extended release following parenteral administration. Pharmaceutically acceptable formulations and ingredients will typically be sterile or readily sterilizable, biologically inert, and easily administered. Such polymeric materials are well known to those of ordinary skill in the pharmaceutical compounding arts. Parenteral preparations typically contain buffering agents and preservatives, and injectable fluids that are pharmaceutically and physiologically acceptable such as water, physiological saline, balanced salt solutions, aqueous dextrose, glycerol or the like. Extemporaneous injection solutions, emulsions and suspensions may be prepared from sterile powders, granules and tablets of the kind previously described. Preferred unit dosage formulations are those containing a daily dose or unit, daily sub-dose, as described herein above, or an appropriate fraction thereof, of the active ingredient(s).

In more detailed embodiments, compositions of the invention may comprise a phorbol ester compound of Formula I encapsulated for delivery in microcapsules, microparticles, or microspheres, prepared, for example, by coacervation techniques or by interfacial polymerization, for example, hydroxymethylcellulose or gelatin-microcapsules and poly(methylmethacylate) microcapsules, respectively; in colloidal drug delivery systems (for example, liposomes, albumin microspheres, microemulsions, nano-particles and nanocapsules); or within macroemulsions.

As noted above, in certain embodiments the methods and compositions of the invention may employ pharmaceutically acceptable salts, e.g., acid addition or base salts of the above-described phorbol ester compounds of Formula I and/or related or derivative compounds. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable addition salts include inorganic and organic acid addition salts. Suitable acid addition salts are formed from acids which form non-toxic salts, for example, hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydroiodide, sulphate, hydrogen sulphate, nitrate, phosphate, and hydrogen phosphate salts. Additional pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limited to, metal salts such as sodium salts, potassium salts, cesium salts and the like; alkaline earth metals such as calcium salts, magnesium salts and the like; organic amine salts such as triethyl amine salts, pyridine salts, picoline salts, ethanolamine salts, triethanolamine salts, dicyclohexylamine salts, N,N′-dibenzylethylenediamine salts and the like; organic acid salts such as acetate, citrate, lactate, succinate, tartrate, maleate, fumarate, mandelate, acetate, dichloroacetate, trifluoroacetate, oxalate, and formate salts; sulfonates such as methanesulfonate, benzenesulfonate, and p-toluenesulfonate salts; and amino acid salts such as arginate, asparginate, glutamate, tartrate, and gluconate salts. Suitable base salts are formed from bases that form non-toxic salts, for example aluminum, calcium, lithium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, zinc and diethanolamine salts.

Other detailed embodiments, the methods and compositions of the invention for employ prodrugs of phorbol esters of Formula I. Prodrugs are considered to be any covalently bonded carriers which release the active parent drug in vivo. Examples of prodrugs useful within the invention include esters or amides with hydroxyalkyl or aminoalkyl as a substituent, and these may be prepared by reacting such compounds as described above with anhydrides such as succinic anhydride.

The invention disclosed herein will also be understood to encompass methods and compositions comprising phorbol esters of Formula I using in vivo metabolic products of the said compounds (either generated in vivo after administration of the subject precursor compound, or directly administered in the form of the metabolic product itself). Such products may result for example from the oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, amidation, esterification and the like of the administered compound, primarily due to enzymatic processes. Accordingly, the invention includes methods and compositions of the invention employing compounds produced by a process comprising contacting a phorbol ester compound of Formula I with a mammalian subject for a period of time sufficient to yield a metabolic product thereof. Such products typically are identified by preparing a radiolabelled compound of the invention, administering it parenterally in a detectable dose to an animal such as rat, mouse, guinea pig, monkey, or to man, allowing sufficient time for metabolism to occur and isolating its conversion products from the urine, blood or other biological samples.

The invention disclosed herein will also be understood to encompass diagnostic compositions for diagnosing the risk level, presence, severity, or treatment indicia of, or otherwise managing cytopathic diseases including, but not limited to, neoplastic; diseases including malignant neoplastic diseases such as leukemia, and an AIDS or a related disease or condition in a mammalian subject, comprising contacting a labeled (e.g., isotopically labeled, fluorescent labeled or otherwise labeled to permit detection of the labeled compound using conventional methods) phorbol ester compound of Formula I to a mammalian subject (e.g., to a cell, tissue, organ, or individual) at risk or presenting with one or more symptom(s) of cancer and/or AIDS, and thereafter detecting the presence, location, metabolism, and/or binding state (e.g., detecting binding to an unlabeled binding partner involved in HIV receptor physiology/metabolism or malignant cell receptor physiology/metabolism) of the labeled compound using any of a broad array of known assays and labeling/detection methods. In exemplary embodiments, a phorbol ester compound of Formula I is isotopically-labelled by having one or more atoms replaced by an atom having a different atomic mass or mass number. Examples of isotopes that can be incorporated into the disclosed compounds include isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, fluorine and chlorine, such as ²H, ³H, ¹³C, ¹⁴C, ¹⁵N, ¹⁸O, ¹⁷O, ³¹P, ³²P, ³⁵S, ¹⁸F, and ³⁶Cl, respectively. The isotopically-labeled compound is then administered to an individual or other subject and subsequently detected as described above, yielding useful diagnostic and/or therapeutic management data, according to conventional techniques.

EXAMPLES

The experiments described below demonstrate novel and powerful uses for phorbol esters and derivative compounds as HIV treating drugs that can effectively decrease the symptoms of AIDS. In exemplary clinical trials, individuals who were unresponsive to traditional treatments for HIV and AIDS were responsive to treatments with TPA. The treatment with TPA was allowed as “compassionate” and recovery of some patients was considered life-saving according to the attending physicians. The experiments described below additionally demonstrate the usefulness of phorbol esters and derivative compounds in the treatment of neoplastic diseases. These and additional findings are further expanded and elucidated within the following examples.

Example I Effect of TPA on the Peripheral White Blood Cells (WBC) and Hemoglobin (Hb) Counts in S180 Cell-Injected Mice:

Sarcoma 180 (S180) cells were injected into Kwen-Ming mice. On the third day, the mice were given TPA interperitoneally (i.p.). at 50, 100 or 200 μg/kg/day for 7 days. On the second day after the treatment was completed, blood samples were taken from the tails of the treated mice for WBC and Hb analyses. The WBC counts for the treated groups (50, 100, or 200 ug/kg/day for 7 days) were 16.1±7.4, 18.7±3.0 and 20.7+3.4×10⁹/L, respectively; the WBC count for the control group was 13.6±1.8×10⁹/L. The Hb of the treated groups were 136±11, 149±12 and 149±10 g/L, and the Hb of the control group was 134+−15 g/L. The results indicate that i.p. injection of TPA could increase the peripheral WBC counts in mice in a dose-dependent manner, whereas the Hb levels were not greatly affected in TPA treated mice when compared to the control mice.

Example II Dose Ranging Study

Due to the strong local irritation caused by TPA application, TPA was given to patients by intravenous (i.v.) infusion. TPA solution in a sterile syringe was injected into 200 ml of sterile saline and mixed well for i.v. infusion.

The Toxicity and Side Effects of Different TPA Doses Administered Clinically:

(1) TPA given at 1 mg/patient/week:

One mg TPA in solution was mixed well with 200 ml of sterile saline for intravenous infusion which was completed in 1 h at the rate of 16 μg/min. One hour after TPA administration, patients started to have chills which lasted for about 30 min, followed by fever, (the patients' temperature reached 37.5-39.5° C. which lasted for 3-5 h, then returned to normal) with light to heavy perspiration. The above symptoms could be alleviated by giving the patients glucocorticoids. TPA at this dose caused a minority of patients to bleed, several patients suffered for a short period of time difficulty in breathing, and Hb was detected in the urine. However, these side effects were short lived and reversible. The cardiac, hepatic, renal and pulmonary functions were all found to be normal.

(2) TPA given at 0.5 mg/patient×2/week: (two doses a week)

0.5 mg of TPA in solution was mixed well with 200 ml of saline for intravenous infusion which was completed in 1 h at the rate of 8 μg/min. The reactions after administration were similar to that of the 1 mg TPA dosage, but to a lesser extent than the 1 mg dose. The patients tolerated the lower dose more easily. Occasionally, Hb was detected in patients' urine. Difficulty in breathing was not observed. The cardiac, hepatic, renal and pulmonary functions were all normal.

(3) TPA given at 0.25 mg/patient×4/week:

0.25 mg of TPA in solution was mixed well with 200 ml of saline for intravenous infusion which was completed in 1 h at the rate of 4 μg/min. After administration, symptoms such as chills and fever were also observed, but to a much lesser extent than with the higher dosages. No Hb was detected in the urine, and no patient suffered difficulty in breathing. The cardiac, hepatic, renal and pulmonary functions were all normal.

Example III First Clinical Study of HIV+ Patients Treated with TPA

Twelve symptomatic patients (five males and seven females) between the ages of 35 to 52 all of whom were infected with HIV in 1995 through blood transfusion and were refractory to standard treatments for HIV were treated with TPA. Each patient was administered a weight adjusted dosage of TPA (75 μg/sq m) in 200 ml of sterile saline by i.v. over one hour. This dose was administered once daily for the first three days of treatment. Each patient was then given this dose every other day for days 4 to 18 followed by a six month rest period prior to a second course of treatment according to the same protocol.

Blood samples were gathered prior to administration of the first dose of TPA and on days 4 and 40 of the treatment cycle. Levels of CD3, CD4 and CD8 in peripheral blood were measured using monoclonal antibodies (Becton Dickson Scientific Co., Franklin Lakes, N.J.) and a flow cytometer (B.D. Bioscience, San Diego, Calif.).

As can be seen in Table 1, no consistent change or correlation was observed in CD3, CD4, or CD8 levels.

TABLE ONE CD₄ CD₈ CD₃ TEST RESULTS OF TWELVE HIV PATIENTS PATIENT NO TEST TIME CD₄ CD₈ CD₃  01-1 Before TPA 3 196 341 01-2 Four days after TPA 3 180 299 01-3 Forty two days after TPA 2 111 203 02-1 Before TPA 26 614 687 02-2 Four days after TPA 105 <2000 2616 02-3 Forty two days after TPA 54 700 799 03-1 Before TPA 32 524 543 03-2 Four days after TPA 36 366 427 03-3 Forty two days after TPA 33 374 424 04-1 Before TPA 173 735 975 04-2 Four days after TPA 123 770 941 04-3 Forty two days after TPA 44 493 581 05-1 Before TPA 106 1556 1646 05-2 Four days after TPA 119 1330 1282 05-3 Forty two days after TPA 191 1429 1643 06-1 Before TPA 232 865 1221 06-2 Four days after TPA 179 570 808 06-3 Forty two days after TPA 49 429 537 07-1 Before TPA 10 988 1022 07-2 Four days after TPA 7 570 598 07-3 Forty two days after TPA 1 139 146 08-1 Before TPA 524 725 1332 08-2 Four days after TPA 318 355 739 08-3 Forty two days after TPA 241 527 858 09-1 Before TPA 442 1021 1479 09-2 After TPA 663 <2000 2920 10-1 Before TPA 407 328 778 10-2 After TPA 445 591 1077 11-1 Before TPA 40 322 373 11-2 After TPA 131 724 874 12-1 Before TPA 84 256 375 12-2 After TPA 78 268 362

As can be seen in Table 2, below, there were similarly inconsistent results in the change of viral load with five patients having an increase in HIV and no change or a reduction in seven others.

TABLE TWO BLOOD HIV COUNT OF THE TWELVE PATIENTS BEFORE DURING AND AFTER THE TPA TREATMENT RESULTS LOG FOOT PATIENT NO TEST TIME (copies/ml) VALUE NOTE 01-1 3 days before TPA 3.36 × 10⁵ 5.526 01-2 4 days after initial TPA 1.41 × 10⁴ 6.151 01-3 15 days after initial TPA 2.02 × 10⁴ 4.306 01-4 25 days after initial TPA 2.60 × 10⁴ 4.416 02-1 3 days before TPA 9.97 × 10⁴ 4.999 02-2 4 days after initial TPA 7.92 × 10⁶ 6.899 02-3 15 days after initial TPA 6.33 × 10⁶ 6.801 02-4 25 days after initial TPA 8.72 × 10⁶ 6.941 03-1 3 days before TPA 3.77 × 10⁵ 5.577 03-2 4 days after initial TPA 8.13 × 10⁴ 4.910 03-3 15 days after initial TPA 6.11 × 10³ 3.786 03-4 25 days after initial TPA 8.59 × 10⁵ 5.934 04-1 3 days before TPA 1.11 × 10⁶ 6.045 04-2 4 days after initial TPA 1.75 × 10⁷ 7.243 04-3 15 days after initial TPA 1.11 × 10⁶ 6.614 04-4 25 days after initial TPA 1.21 × 10⁴ 4.084 05-1 3 days before TPA 2.49 × 10⁴ 6.637 05-2 4 days after initial TPA 9.42 × 10⁵ 5.974 05-3 15 days after initial TPA 2.34 × 10⁷ 7.369 05-4 25 days after initial TPA 5.56 × 10⁶ 6.745 06-1 3 days before TPA 4.57 × 10⁵ 5.660 06-2 4 days after initial TPA 1.44 × 10⁴ 4.160 06-3 15 days after initial TPA 1.88 × 10⁵ 5.274 06-4 7 days after TPA 2.28 × 10⁶ 6.357 07-1 3 days before TPA 2.40 × 10⁵ 5.623 07-2 4 days after initial TPA 1.51 × 10⁵ 5.179 07-3 15th day during TPA 9.74 × 10⁴ 4.988 07-4 25 days after initial TPA 5.30 × 10³ 3.724 08-1 3 days before TPA 8.02 × 10⁵ 5.904 08-2 4 days after initial TPA 9.09 × 10⁵ 5.959 08-3 15 days after initial TPA 5.46 × 10⁶ 6.737 08-4 25 days after initial TPA 7.77 × 10⁶ 6.890 09-1 3 days before TPA undetectable 09-2 25 days after TPA undetectable 10-1 3 days before TPA 1.51 × 10⁴ 4.180 Sample taken from the 10-2 25 days after initial TPA 2.79 × 10⁴ 4.446 second cycle treatment 11-1 3 days before TPA 1.59 × 10⁵ 5.201 Sample taken from the 11-2 25 days after initial TPA 1.25 × 10⁵ 5.096 second cycle treatment 12-1 days before TPA 1.32 × 10⁴ 4.122 Sample taken from the 12-2 25 days after initial TPA 6.27 × 10³ 3.798 second cycle treatment

Despite the lack of correlation with viral and CD3, CD4 and CD9 levels, eleven of the patients showed significant improvement following treatment. Eight patients became symptom free and five of them have been in remission for 6 to 12 months. Three additional patients had a decrease in symptoms.

Example IV Second Clinical Study of HIV+ Patients Treated with TPA

Nine of the patients in Example III were given a second treatment of TPA. Of these nine, seven were asymptomatic at the beginning of the second trial. A tenth patient (patient #2a) who was symptomatic and had not previously been treated with TPA was added to the study. Each patient was administered a weight adjusted dosage of TPA (75 μg/sq m) in 200 ml of sterile saline intravenously over one hour. This dosage was given to each patient once a day for ten consecutive days followed by a rest period of ten days for three cycles and a total of 30 doses of TPA. Patients 5a, 6a, and 8a stopped taking anti-AIDS drugs one month prior to beginning the TPA treatment and beginning again one month after the third cycle. Patients 1-4a, 7a, and 9a-10a continued taking anti-AIDS drugs throughout the treatment.

Blood samples were taken three days prior to starting treatment, after completing the first 10 day cycle of TPA infusion and again after the last TPA infusion and CD3, CD4, CD8, WBC, RBC, HGB and platelets were measured.

As shown in Table 3, there was an increase in CD3 in all patients after the first and third infusion with TPA with the highest value occurring after the third cycle, with the exception of two patients (5a & 10a). There was a trend for increases in the CD8 and in CD4. These results suggest a strengthening of the immune systems with TPA treatment. Varied results were obtained in the HIV count (Table 4). The HIV measurements in some of the patients were below the limits of detection of the method (less than 200) while it increased somewhat in others. There was normal variation in the measurement of WBC, RBC, HGB and platelets (Table 5).

TABLE THREE CD₄ CD₈ CD₃ TEST RESULTS OF 10 HIV PATIENTS PATIENT NO TEST TIME CD₄ CD₈ CD₃  01-1 Before TPA 5 576 1071  01-2 After first 10-day TPA infusion cycle 7 907 1323  01-3 After third 10-day TPA infusion cycle 19 1129 2037 02a-1 Before TPA 26 307 339 02a-2 After first 10-day TPA infusion cycle 76 335 476 02a-3 After third 10-day TPA infusion cycle 137 543 625 03a-1 Before TPA 295 571 870 03a-2 After first 10-day TPA infusion cycle 460 729 1200 03a-3 After third 10-day TPA infusion cycle 1002 980 2033 04a-1 Before TPA 152 672 896 04a-2 After first 10-day TPA infusion cycle 189 584 823 04a-3 After third 10-day TPA infusion cycle 205 916 1193 05a-1 Before TPA 92 1097 1175 05a-2 After first 10-day TPA infusion cycle 91 1507 1598 05a-3 After third 10-day TPA infusion cycle 94 1127 1257 06a-1 Before TPA 230 378 669 06a-2 After first 10-day TPA infusion cycle 285 429 758 06a-3 After third 10-day TPA infusion cycle 276 466 938 07a-1 Before TPA 567 1736 2258 07a-2 After first 10-day TPA infusion cycle 729 >2000 3148 07a-3 After third 10-day TPA infusion cycle 786 >2000 3347 08a-1 Before TPA 361 569 1023 08a-2 After first 10-day TPA infusion cycle 519 547 1143 08a-3 After third 10-day TPA infusion cycle 495 733 1295 09a-1 Before TPA 101 533 672 09a-2 After first 10-day TPA infusion cycle 136 574 712 09a-3 After third 10-day TPA infusion cycle 100 1221 1317 10a-1 Before TPA 49 178 240 10a-2 After first 10-day TPA infusion cycle 74 261 333 10a-3 After third 10-day TPA infusion cycle 63 208 308

TABLE FOUR BLOOD HIV COUNT OF THE TEN PATIENTS BEFORE DURING AND AFTER THE THREE TEN-DAY TPA INFUSION RESULTS PATIENT NO TEST TIME (copies/ml) LOG VALUE  01-1 3 days before TPA 4.57 × 10⁶ 6.660  01-2 after first cycle TPA infusion 2.99 × 10⁵ 5.475  01-3 after third cycle TPA infusion 9.41 × 10⁵ 5.973 02a-1 3 days before TPA 2.71 × 10⁵ 5.433 02a-2 after first cycle TPA infusion 3.09 × 10⁵ 5.490 02a-3 after third cycle TPA infusion 9.24 × 10⁵ 5.966 03a-1 3 days before TPA undetectable — 03a-2 after first cycle TPA infusion lower the 500 2.371 03a-3 after third cycle TPA infusion 9.55 × 10³ 3.980 04a-1 3 days before TPA lower than 500 2.312 04a-2 after first cycle TPA infusion undetectable — 04a-3 after third cycle TPA infusion 2.38 × 10³ 3.376 05a-1 3 days before TPA undetectable — 05a-2 after first cycle TPA infusion undetectable — 05a-3 after third cycle TPA infusion undetectable — 06a-1 3 days before TPA undetectable — 06a-2 after first cycle TPA infusion undetectable — 06a-3 after third cycle TPA infusion undetectable — 07a-1 3 days before TPA undetectable — 07a-2 after first cycle TPA infusion undetectable — 07a-3 after third cycle TPA infusion undetectable — 08a-1 3 days before TPA 1.13 × 10⁴ 4.054 08a-2 after first cycle TPA infusion 6.68 × 10⁴ 4.825 08a-3 after third cycle TPA infusion 6.20 × 10⁴ 4.792 09a-1 3 days before TPA 1.38 × 10⁵ 5.139 09a-2 after first cycle TPA infusion 1.65 × 10⁵ 5.217 09a-3 after third cycle TPA infusion 2.35 × 10⁵ 5.371 10a-1 3 days before TPA 7.20 × 10⁵ 5.857 10a-2 after first cycle TPA infusion 2.82 × 10⁵ 5.450 10a-3 after third cycle TPA infusion 1.86 × 10⁵ 5.270

TABLE FIVE PERIPHERY BLOOD COUNT OF THE TEN PATIENTS BEFORE AND AFTER THE TPA THREE 10-DAY TREATMENT PATIENT NO TEST TIME WBC (×10⁹/L) RBC (×10¹²/L) HGB (g/L) PLt (×10⁹/L)  01-1 Before TPA 2.3 2.55 92 199  01-2 After first 10-day TPA infusing 4.4 2.61 99 325  01-3 After third 10-day TPA infusing 6.1 2.91 102 182 02a-1 Before TPA 5.7 2.44 114 227 02a-2 After first 10-day TPA infusing 3.7 2.14 88 238 02a-3 After third 10-day TPA infusing 11.1 2.52 100 124 03a-1 Before TPA 7.8 4.04 147 309 03a-2 After first 10-day TPA infusing 9.8 3.83 1.38 338 03a-3 After third 10-day TPA infusing 13.6 4.54 140 549 04a-1 Before TPA 3.9 3.34 127 232 04a-2 After first 10-day TPA infusing 3.6 2.92 107 306 04a-3 After third 10-day TPA infusing 9.2 2.85 105 105 05a-1 Before TPA 5.1 3.54 146 243 05a-2 After first 10-day TPA infusing 5.7 3.46 1.35 315 05a-3 After third 10-day TPA infusing 10.1 3.61 144 130 06a-1 Before TPA 5.0 4.21 171 198 06a-2 After first 10-day TPA infusing 4.2 3.48 142 256 06a-3 After third 10-day TPA infusing 6.5 3.66 154 169 07a-1 Before TPA 6.6 3.62 102 306 07a-2 After first 10-day TPA infusing 6.0 3.76 143 258 07a-3 After third 10-day TPA infusing 6.0 3.92 123 293 08a-1 Before TPA 3.1 4.03 125 116 08a-2 After first 10-day TPA infusing 4.3 3.86 128 221 08a-3 After third 10-day TPA infusing 6.8 4.19 128 138 09a-1 Before TPA 3.5 1.43 41 114 09a-2 After first 10-day TPA infusing 2.6 1.99 57 214 09a-3 After third 10-day TPA infusing 4.0 2.33 67 170 10a-1 Before TPA 2.6 2.65 78 297 10a-2 After first 10-day TPA infusing 2.9 2.58 92 187 10a-3 After third 10-day TPA infusing 7.0 4.31 130 138

Of nine patients previously treated with TPA in the first clinical study, only one (#9a) presented with some AIDS symptoms prior to the start of the second clinical study. Following treatment with three cycles of TPA in the second study, this patient and another (#2a), who had never been treated with TPA, experienced a disappearance of AIDS symptoms and both became sufficiently well to resume their normal activities. The other eight patients began the study without AIDS symptoms and were symptom free at the end of the study. All patients remain under observation. Treatment with anti-AIDS drugs continues uninterrupted.

As can be seen in Table 4, there was an increase in all patients in the CD 3, 4 and 8 levels with the most striking and consistent increases in CD3 levels. The viral load of HIV varied. It was undetectable in three patients (<200); it increased somewhat in six others and was reduced in one.

Example V Third Clinical Study of HIV+ Patients Treated with TPA

Six patients, two males and four females between the ages of 37 and 52 years of age (Patients #13-18), were treated with TPA. Four of these patients previously received TPA treatment in combination with anti-HIV drugs in the two previous clinical studies. The two remaining patients had never been treated with TPA, but had previously received anti-HIV drug regimens. All treatments were stopped three days prior to the initiation of the third clinical study and were not resumed until 60 days after completion of the TPA treatment. The resumption of the standard HIV treatments was required by local health authorities.

Each patient in the study received 150 μg of TPA in 200 ml of sterile saline by intravenous infusion over a 1.5 to 2 hour period daily for 60 days for a total administered dose of 9.0 mg. Following completion of the 60 days of TPA therapy, these patients remained under observation for an additional 60 days though the received no further treatment.

CD3, CD4 and CD8 levels in peripheral blood were quantitated prior to starting treatment, and again at 30 and 60 days using flow cytometry and the appropriate antibodies obtained from B.D. Bioscience, San Diego, Calif. Viral load was determined using conventional methods at Kuang Ann men Hospital, Beijing, China. Patients RBC, WBC, platelets and hemoglobin levels were also measured.

As can be seen in Table 6, the viral load in the six patients was either low or undetectable at the beginning of the trial and remained low throughout the clinical trial period despite the discontinuation of traditional antiretroviral therapy. Additionally, there was no rebound in viral levels 6 to 15 days after stopping antiretroviral treatment as previously reported as occurring in patients with a plasma viral load below 50 HIV copies per ml. (Harrigan et al., AIDS 13, F59-F62 (1999). The CD3, CD4 and CD8 levels were variable and inconclusive.

TABLE SIX STUDY 3 CD₄CD₈CD₃ AND HIV LOAD RESULTS OF 6 PATIENTS **HIV PATIENT# *TEST TIME CD3 CD4 CD8 (copies/ml) 13 1 3500 1135 >2000 undetectable 2 2771 735 1938 0.533 3 2689 721 1897 0.133 14 1 1415 677 664 0.374 2 1522 613 796 0.353 3 902 369 485 0 038 15 1 759 9 542 0.533 2 1865 8 1408 1.99  3 2099 11 1507 undetectable 16 1 1368 128 1166 undetectable 2 1477 105 1318 1.28  3 1305 46 1220 0.012 17 1 428 95 297 0.002 2 594 112 424 0.152 3 317 31 246 0.056 18 1 1041 392 457 undetectable 2 703 229 343 0.174 3 579 165 290 undetectable *Test time: 1. Before TPA 2. Thirty days after TPA 3. Sixty days after TPA **All figures are in the million

White blood cells (WBC), red blood cells (RBC), hemoglobin (Rb) and platelets (PLt) were measured prior to starting TPA treatment, 15, 30, 45 and 60 days after starting TPA treatment and 30 days after stopping TPA treatment. As can be seen in Table 7, most values were within the normal range.

The patients involved in the third clinical study experienced no viral load rebound as typically seen when antiretroviral therapies are discontinued. They additionally had no recurrence of AIDS symptoms during the 120 day observation and treatment period, felt normal and were able to conduct their usual life activities.

TABLE SEVEN STUDY 3 PERIPHERY BLOOD PROFILE OF 6 PATIENTS WBC(×10⁹/L) PATIENT# *TEST TIME × RBC(×10¹²/L) Rb(g/L) PLt(×10⁹/L) 13 1 9 3.75 139 246 2 9 3.88 140 240 3 8.9 4.35 148 275 4 4.6 3.9 125 304 5 8.8 4.55 126 221 6 7.5 4.55 130 272 14 1 4.2 4.16 111 188 2 4.1 4.03 114 169 3 5.9 4.48 116 232 4 3.9 4.44 109 152 5 4.4 4.31 96 227 6 6.5 4.4 104 193 15 1 5.9 3.67 110 397 2 5 3.41 101 219 3 5.2 3.83 113 247 4 6.2 4.13 110 262 5 6.2 4.04 99 239 6 8.4 3.9 110 278 16 1 6 3.62 144 297 2 8.1 3.65 142 415 3 4.3 4.03 145 345 4 4.6 3.86 124 291 5 5.1 4.1 123 276 6 3.8 4.71 144 224 17 1 5.5 3.06 134 242 2 6.4 2.98 118 151 3 4 3.2 121 177 4 3.9 3.49 116 131 5 7.7 3.34 99 121 6 4.8 3.42 100 178 18 1 7.4 3.91 156 240 2 8.1 3.69 141 208 3 4.5 4.32 154 228 4 4.9 4.14 131 149 5 3.5 4.56 136 222 6 NA NA NA NA *Test time: 1. Before TPA 2. Fifteen days ater TPA 3 Thirty days after TPA 4. Forty five days after TPA 5. Sixty day after TPA 6. Thirty days after stop TPA

Example VI Case Studies

Results of treatment of initially symptomatic AIDS patients treated with TPA according to the protocols of Example III, IV, and V. Patients who participated in multiple studies are in some cases identified by more than one patient number. All patient identification numbers correspond to the patient numbers in Tables 1-7.

Patient #1 and 15: H.L.Y., female, 35, participated in all three clinical studies, diagnosed with AIDS and had clear symptoms of this disease in 2003. Al the time the first study began, she had frequent fever, diarrhea, oral lesions, poor appetite, weight loss, left eye vision loss (syncytia formation) and coughing (tuberculosis). The patient started to receive antiviral medications Stavudine (D₄T), Lamivudine (3TC), Nevirapine (NVP) and Zidovudine (AZT) in 2004. Despite anti-AIDS drugs, she had a CD4 count of 3 and was unable to perform any physical work.

During the first study following the protocol of Example III, above, she experienced an increase in body temperature of 38-39° C. on four different occasions that lasted 2 to 4 hours. After treatment with TPA, there was a gradual improvement in symptoms. Her appetite improved and diarrhea, oral lesions, and fatigue disappeared but her eyesight remained impaired. She gained some weight and reported being able to resume housework. She continues to receive antiviral therapy. There appears to be no correlation in improvements in symptoms and changes in her CD 3, 4, 8 levels and viral count.

H. L. Y. participated in the second study described in Example IV, above. At the initiation of the second study she has no symptoms of AIDS. During this subsequent treatment with TPA she experienced no adverse effects. After both the first and third cycle of treatment with TPA, her CD3, CD4, and CD8 levels increased as did her white blood cell count. Her HIV count was somewhat higher, but she is able to function normally and continues to have no symptoms of AIDS.

H.L.Y. participated in the third study described in Example V, above. At the initiation of the third study, she was still having problems with her eye. During the third study, she experienced a fever of 38-38.5° C. during the third and fourth day of TPA infusion. No AIDS symptoms returned during either the study or the 60 day observation period. Except for her sight, she remains symptom free, feels normal and is able to conduct normal activities. She reinitiated antiviral therapy after completion of the 60 day observation period and remains under the care of a physician.

Patient #2: C.X., female, 49, participated in first clinical study, diagnosed with AIDS and had clear symptoms of this disease in 2004. She had mild oral lesions, fatigue, skin thrush, fever and poor appetite. Some of these symptoms were due to herpes virus. She had been treated with AZT, DDI and NVP but drug treatment was terminated due to side effects. She received no drugs for 3 months prior to TPA treatment. She was hospitalized frequently and was unable to work. Her CD4 count prior to treatment was 26.

During TPA treatment according to the protocol of Example III, she experienced an increase in body temperature of 37.5 to 38 degrees centigrade on three different occasions that lasted 1-2 hours. After treatment with TPA, her oral lesions, skin thrush and fever disappeared. Her appetite improved sufficiently so that she gained weight and had sufficient energy to resume housework. She remained symptom free for five months and was not given any anti-AIDS drugs during this period. There appeared to be no correlation between the improvement in symptoms and her CD 3, 4, 8 levels and viral count.

Patient #2a M. S., male, 48, participated only in the second clinical study, had frequent fever, diarrhea, weight loss, a weak immune system, severe depression and was unable to work.

During treatment with TPA according to the protocols of Example IV, his body temperature increased to 38.5 to 39 degrees centigrade on five occasions for 2 to 4 hours.

After the third cycle of TPA treatment, the fever and diarrhea were no longer a problem. His CD3, CD4 and CD8 counts trended upwards as did the WBC and HIV count. His physical and mental condition returned to normal and he is able to work.

Patient #3: Y.P., male, 51, participated only in the first clinical study, diagnosed with AIDS and had clear symptoms of this disease in 2004. His major symptoms were diarrhea, fatigue, weight loss, anemia and purple marks on the skin of both legs; and he could only do light work. He was being treated with AZT, DDI and NVP but a serious anemia resulted in the termination of drug treatment four months prior to being given TPA. His initial CD4 count was 32.

During TPA treatment according to the protocol described in Example III, he experienced an increase in body temperature of 38 to 39° C. on three occasions that lasted 1 to 2 hours. After treatment with TPA, there was a marked improvement in his symptoms and he was able to return to work involving heavy labor and is leading a normal life. He was symptom free for five months after TPA therapy and was not treated with antiviral drugs during this period. There appeared to be no correlation between CD 3, 4, and 8 levels and improvement in symptoms but there was some increase in viral count.

Patient #4: L.W., male, 34, participated in only the first clinical study, tested positive for HIV and had clear symptoms of this disease in 2004. His major symptoms were diarrhea, fever, weight loss, cough (tuberculosis), right side neck lymph node enlargement and he was unable to work. His initial response to treatment was poor. The schedule of antiviral medication of 3TC, DDI and NVP was irregular and was stopped during TPA therapy. His initial CD4 count was 173.

During treatment with TPA according to the protocol of Example III, he experienced an increase in body temperature of 38 to 39° C. on five occasions that lasted 0.5 to 1 hours. After treatment, the occasional bout of diarrhea was treated successfully with and an anti-diarrhea drug. An improvement in appetite has resulted in an increase in weight and energy that resulted in his returning to a regular work schedule. The lymph node returned to normal size. He continues to be treated with anti-viral drugs. There appeared to be no correlation between the improvements in symptoms, CD3, 4, 8 levels and viral count.

Patient #5 and 3a: H.S., female, 37, participated in the first two clinical studies, tested positive for HIV and had clear symptoms of the disease in of 2004. At the time the first study began, her major symptoms were skin thrush, hair loss, mouth infection, weight loss and fatigue. She was being treated with DaT, DDI, and NVP but treatment was stopped due to loss of kidney function. She had an initial CD4 count of 106 but could handle regular labor work.

During treatment with TPA according to the protocol of Example III, she experienced in increase in body temperature of 37.5 to 38° C. on five occasions that lasted 0.5 to 1.0 hours. After treatment with TPA, no improvement in symptoms occurred. Treatment with anti-viral drugs was resumed without return of the previous side effects and the intensity of her symptoms were reduced after one month. This treatment is being continued and she has returned to work. There appeared to be no correlation between the improvement in symptoms and changes in the CD 3, 4, and 8 levels or the HIV count.

At the time of the second study, she had no symptoms of AIDS and suffered no adverse effects to the course of treatment described in Example IV After the second study, her CD3, CD4 and CD8 levels trended upwards as did her white blood count and platelet levels. Her HIV count was initially undetectable, but increased after the third cycle of treatment. She is currently able to work.

Patient # 6, #4a, and #17: H.S.C., male, 36, participated in all three clinical studies, tested positive for HIV and had clear but mild symptoms in 2004. At the time the first study began, he suffered from dizziness, headache, poor appetite and an increased susceptibility to upper respiratory tract infections but was able to work regularly as a laborer. He was being treated with antiviral drugs AZT, DDI and N VP but terminated their use due to adverse reactions. His initial CD4 level was 232.

During treatment with TPA according to the protocol of Example III, he did not experience an increase in body temperature or any other side effect. After treatment, his symptoms remained unchanged and a reduction in platelets appeared unrelated to TPA treatment. He continued to be treated with antiviral drugs and is able to work as before. There appeared to be no correlation between the improvement in symptoms and the CD 3, 4, and 8 levels and viral load.

At the time of the second study, he had no symptoms and his immune system appeared to be functioning normally. During the second study according to Example IV, he again suffered no side effects from treatment with TPA. His CD3, CD4, and CD8 count increased somewhat as did his white blood cell count. The viral load was initially undetectable but increased after the third cycle of treatment. However, he does not have any symptoms of AIDS and has returned to work.

At the initiation of the third clinical study, he had no symptoms. During treatment with TPA according to the protocol of Example V, he experienced an incident of local irritation due to a leaking needle on day 32 but was treated successfully in three days. He remains symptom free, feels normal, and is able to do heavy labor. He started antiviral therapy after completion for the 60 day observation periods and remains under the care of a physician.

Patient #7, #5a and #16: H. C. L., male, 49, participated in all three clinical studies, tested positive for HIV and had clear symptoms of the disease in 2004. His major symptoms at the time of the first study were weight loss, skin thrush, fatigue, poor appetite and coughing (tuberculosis) but he was able to do light work. He was treated simultaneously with D₄T, DDI, NVP and antituberculosis medication. His initial CD4 count was 10.

During treatment with TPA according to the protocol outlined in Example III, he experienced an increase in body temperature to 38° C. on two occasions accompanied by mild dizziness and headache. After treatment, his symptoms remained unchanged and antiviral therapy was resumed one month later. With time, his cough, appetite and energy level improved and he is able to work. He continued both antiviral and anti-tuberculosis medication. There appeared to be no correlation between improvements in symptoms and his CD3, 4, and 8 levels or viral load.

At the time of the second clinical investigation, he had no symptoms of AIDS and his immune system appeared to be functioning normally. He suffered no adverse effects from treatment TPA during the second clinical investigation. After treatment, his CD4 level was unchanged, but his CD3 and CD8 levels trended upwards as did his white blood cell count. His viral load was undetectable. He has not had any symptoms of AIDS and has returned to work.

At the start of the third clinical investigation, he was not experiencing AIDS symptoms. During treatment according to the protocol outlined in Example V, he suffered from a fever on one occasion. He remains symptom free, feels normal., and is able to do heavy labor. He re-started antiviral drugs after completion of the 60 day observation period and remains under the care of a physician.

Patient #8, #6a, and 18: Y.X.O., female, 36, participated in all three clinical studies, tested positive for HIV in 2004. Her major symptom at the time of the first study was an increased susceptibility to upper respiratory tract infection. She was treated with AZT, DDI and NVP. At the start of the study, her CD4 level was 524 and she could handle regular labor work.

During treatment with TPA according to the protocol of Example III, she experienced an increase in body temperature to 38.5° C. on one occasion that lasted four hours. After treatment, the frequency of her colds decreased and she had no other symptoms. She continued to be treated with antiviral drugs and is able to work. There appeared to be no correlation between the improvement in symptoms and her CD 3, 4, or 8 levels or viral load.

At the time of the second clinical investigation, she had no symptoms of AIDS and her immune system appeared to be functioning normally. During the second study, according to the protocols of Example IV, her body temperature again rose to 38.5 degrees centigrade for two hours on a single occasion. After treatment, her CD3 and CD8 levels increased somewhat while her CD4 and white blood cell count remained unchanged. Her viral load is undetectable. She appears normal and is able to work at physically demanding tasks.

At the time of the third clinical investigation she was symptom free. The only side effects from treatment according to the protocol of Example V was as fever of 38-39° C. on the second day of the treatment that lasted for two hours and skin irritation from a leaking needle on day 36 that cleared in two days. She remains symptom free, feels normal and is able to do heavy labor. She re-started antiviral therapy after completion of the 60 day observation period and remains under the care of a physician.

Patient #9 and #7a: C.T.F., male, 44, participated in the first two clinical studies, tested positive for HIV and had clear symptoms of the disease in 2004. His symptoms at the initiation of the first study included persistent diarrhea, dizziness, headaches, poor appetite, weight loss and fatigue. He had a positive response to AZT, DDI and NVP treatment and blood HIV count was near the lowest limit. Despite the positive response, his symptoms persisted and he checked into the hospital due to diarrhea that persisted for 20 days. He was very depressed and unable to do any work.

During treatment with TPA according to the protocol of Example III, he experienced an increase in body temperature of 37.5 to 38° C. on six occasions that lasted 2 to 4 hours. A leaking needle caused a serious skin irritation during one administration of TPA but was treated successfully. After eight treatments with TPA, the mild dizziness and headache persisted but the incidence of diarrhea began to decrease and his appetite improved. A week later, his diarrhea was completely gone and he had a normal appetite. He was able to return to work and is receiving antiviral drug therapy. There appeared to be an upward trend of CD3, 4, 8 levels and the HIV count was undetectable.

At the time of the second clinical investigation, he had no symptoms of AIDS and his immune system appeared to be functioning normally. During TPA treatment according to the protocol of Example IV, he suffered no adverse effects. After treatment, his CD3, CD4 and CD8 levels increased somewhat while his white blood cell count remained unchanged. His HIV count continues to be undetectable. He is able to do strenuous work.

Patient #10 and #8a: W.F.W., Female, 47, participated in the first two studies, tested positive for HIV and had clear symptoms of the disease in 2003. Her symptoms at the initiation of the first study included low body temperature, diarrhea, low platelet count, coughing blood, bloody bowel movements, dizziness, headache, poor appetite, weight loss, fatigue with mild skin thrush and deep depression. She was hospitalized on one occasion for two months because of bloody bowel movements. She was very depressed and unable to work. She did not respond positively to the AZT, DDI and NVP treatment and her symptoms were not under control.

During her first treatment with TPA according to the protocol of Example III, she experienced an increase in body temperature to 38.5° C. on one occasion that lasted 4 hours. After TPA treatment, her dizziness, headache and diarrhea gradually lessened. Eventually, her appetite led to a weight gain and an improvement in her energy level. Her platelet count rose from 30,000 to 110,000 per microliter and the skin thrush and diarrhea were eliminated. She was able to work again and was treated with antiviral drugs. She had fever and diarrhea occasionally that she was able to control with drugs.

Six months later she suffered from mild headaches and dizziness and underwent a second treatment with TPA. During her second treatment with TPA, she experienced an increase in body temperature to 37.5 to 38° C. on five occasions that lasted 2 to 4 hours. Twenty hours after the 13^(th) injection of TPA, her temperature reached 40.5 degrees centigrade and lasted for several hours. It was concluded that the increase in temperature was not related to TPA therapy.

After her second treatment with TPA, her symptoms disappeared, her appetite improved and she gained weight, which enabled her to regain her energy, return to work and lead a normal life. She was free of symptoms for one year and has had few colds in the first six months after the second TPA treatment. There appears to be an upward trend for the CD 3, 4, and 8 levels and the HIV counts.

At the time of the second clinical trial according to the protocol of Example IV, this patient continued to display no symptoms of AIDS and her immune system appeared to be functioning normally. She suffered no adverse effects during treatment. After treatment, her CD3, CD4 and CD8 counts increased somewhat as did her WBC. Her HIV count increased somewhat. Since the studies, she has been healthy and engaged in laborious work.

Patient #11 and 9a: C.T.L., female, 40, participated in the first two studies, was diagnosed with AIDS and had clear symptoms of this disease in 2003. At the initiation of the first study she had persistent diarrhea, low body temperature, oral lesions, severe skin thrush, itching, purple blotches on her face and lips, dizziness, headache, poor appetite, and fatigue and depression. She responded poorly to AZT, 3TC and NVP treatment. Her symptoms were not under control and she was unable to work. Her initial CD4 count was 40.

During her first treatment with TPA, she experienced an increase in body temperature to 38 to 39° C. on four occasions that lasted 2 to 4 hours. She had shortness of breath on two occasions that lasted 20 to 30 minutes each.

After the sixth dose of TPA, her skin thrush began to disappear and upon completion of TPA treatment, the dizziness, headache, fever and skin thrush were improving and gradually faded away. Her appetite, physical condition and depression improved sufficiently for her to return to work.

This patient had a second treatment with TPA 18 months later due to the return of symptoms including mild skin thrush, diarrhea and dizziness. During this second treatment, she experienced an increase in body temperature to 37.5 to 38° C. three times that lasted 2 to 4 hours. There were no other adverse reactions. After treatment with TPA, her symptoms disappeared completely and her physical condition improved sufficiently to allow her to return to work. She has been without symptoms for one year and she has rarely had a cold. There appears to be an upward trend in CD 3, 4, and 8 levels, but her HIV counts did not change.

At the time of the second clinical study according to the protocol of Example IV, this patient exhibited symptoms of AIDS including headache, dizziness, poor appetite and a weak immune function. She suffered no adverse effects during treatment. After treatment, her CD3 and CD8 levels increased while her CD4 count was unchanged. Her HIV count increased slightly but no other changes were observed. Her mental and physical condition has improved considerably and she is doing strenuous physical work.

Patient #12 and #10a: C.C.L., female, 39, participated in the first two studies, diagnosed with AIDS and had clear symptoms of this disease in 2003. At the initiation of the first study she had persistent low body temperature, skin thrush, dizziness, headache, poor appetite, oral lesions, fatigue and deep depression. She was treated with AZT, 3TC and NVP but had poor results and she was unable to work. Her initial CD4 count was 84.

This patient was treated with TPA twice during the period March 2005 to March 2006. During the first treatment with TPA, she experienced an increase in body temperature to 38 to 38.5° C. on eight occasions that lasted 2 to 4 hours. She experienced shortness of breath on one occasion for 15 minutes and suffered a skin irritation due to a leaking needle.

After the seventh injection, her oral lesions disappeared. Upon completion of all the injections, all symptoms disappeared and her physical condition improved sufficiently for her to return to work.

Six months later, this patient was re-retreated with TPA due to the return of light diarrhea and dizziness. She experienced an increase in body temperature to 37.5 to 38° C. centigrade on six occasions associated with TPA administration that lasted 2 to 6 hours. Starting with the eighth injection, the dose was increased from approximately 150 μg to 250 μg TPA. No adverse effects occurred. Upon completion of TPA therapy, all her symptoms disappeared. Her physical condition was restored to normal and she returned to work and has had a normal life. She has been symptom free for one year and has rarely had a cold. There were no changes in CD 3, 4, or 8 levels, but her HIV count increased.

At the time of the second clinical study, this patient had no symptoms of AIDS though she did have a weakened immune system. She was treated according to the protocol of Example IV and suffered no adverse effects. After treatment, there were slight increases in her CD3, CD4 and CD8, and modest increases in WBC, RBC and HGB while platelets appeared to decrease. The HIV count was reduced somewhat. She has been healthy and engaged in strenuous physical work since her treatments.

Patient #13: L.F.L., female, 53, diagnosed with AIDS in 2004, participated in only the third clinical study. She presented with mild symptoms of poor appetite and weight loss. Long term antiviral drugs were effective and caused her virus count to decrease below detectable levels and CD3, CD4 and CD8 counts to increase to a high level. She had no symptoms prior to TPA treatment and had no side effects from its administration. She remains symptom free, feels normal, and is able to conduct normal activities. She re-started antiviral drug therapy after completion for the 60 day observation period.

Patent #14: K.S.M., female, 45, diagnosed with AIDS in 2004, participated in only the third clinical study. Her symptoms were mild and consisted of poor appetite and frequent colds. She had been treated with antiviral drugs, but stopped due to severe liver toxicity. She had no symptoms prior TPA treatment and the only TPA side effect was irritation due to a leaking needle on day 43 that was easily treated. No AIDS symptoms occurred during the entire treatment and observation period. She feels normal and is able to conduct her usual activities. After completion of the 60 day observation period she was lost to the study and did not renew antiviral therapy.

Example VII Treatment of Relapsed/Refractory Malignancies with TPA

Patients with histologically documented relapsed/refractory hematologic malignancy/bone marrow disorders are treated with a combination of TPA (Xichuan Pharmaceuticals, Nan Yang, Henan, China), dexamethasone and choline magnesium trisalicylate. Comparable methods as set forth below for demonstrating the therapeutic use of TPA in the treatment of Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML) will be applied to demonstrate the use of TPA for treating other neoplastic conditions and malignancies. Other neoplastic conditions and malignant disorders amenable to treatment using the methods and compositions of the invention include various forms of cancer, including blood and bone malignancies and solid tumors of various types. In addition to the specific protocols herein, successful treatment and/or remission will be determined for different targeted neoplastic and malignant conditions using any of a wide variety of well known cancer detection and assessment methods—for example by determining size reduction of solid tumors, histopathological studies to evaluate tumor growth, stage, metastatic potential, presence/expression levels of histological cancer markers, etc.

AML is an aggressive disease that generally warrants urgent and intensive therapy. The average patient age at AML diagnosis is 64-68 years old, and patients over the age of 60 treated with standard chemotherapy are cured of their disease<20% of the time. Patients who develop AML after an antecedent hematologic disorder or prior leukemogenic chemotherapy/radiation therapy have similarly poor outcomes, as do patients whose disease is associated with specific adverse cytogenetic and clinical features. Hence, most patients diagnosed with AML have patient and/or disease-related features that are associated with a very poor prognosis. For patients with relapsed disease, no standard non-transplant therapy has demonstrated the capacity for cure. For these patients, AML is often a fatal disease. New approaches to the therapy of AML are needed.

Employing the methods and compositions of the instant invention, TPA, is developed as a therapeutic agent for treating patients with AML, based on TPA's novel role in modulating intracellular signaling pathways, it's capacity to induce differentiation and/or apoptosis in cell lines, and clinical data indicating the effectiveness of TPA in treating neoplastic and malignant disorders, including myeloid malignancies.

Thus far clinical evaluation of TPA has demonstrated that TPA exerts direct therapeutic cytotoxic effects in at least a subset of AML cases, as measured by cell viability and apoptosis assays. In all primary cultures analyzed by Western analysis, TPA strongly induced ERK phosphorylation by 1 hour in culture. TPA's cytotoxic effect on primary AML cells is associated with the subsequent loss of the phospho-ERK pro-survival signal after 24 hour ex vivo exposure. This observation is in good agreement with other studies that reported decreased primary AML survival after pharmacological interruption of ERK signaling by MEK inhibitors, such as PD98059, U0126 and PD 184352. In our studies, loss of ERK signaling was associated with induction of ERK phosphatases.

In addition to protein kinase C and ERK activation, TPA is a known inducer of NF-κB, a pro-survival transcription factor often constitutively active in AML blasts and leukemic stem cells. Recent work from our laboratory has demonstrated that AML cell NF-κB can be inhibited in vivo with 48 h of treatment with dexamethasone choline magnesium trisalicylate (CMT). In addition, we have shown that dexamethasone can induce MKP-1 ERK phosphatase expression and enhance TPA cytotoxicity on primary AML samples. In this context, we have chosen in exemplary embodiments below to use dexamethasone and CMT as adjunctive medications to be used 24 h pre- and 24 h post treatment with TPA. These medications are well-tolerated and anticipated to reduce inflammatory adverse effects of treatment and enhance TPA cytotoxicity by increasing ERK phosphatase expression and inhibiting NF-κB. In addition dexamethasone and CMT will be used as adjunctive medications because they are anti-inflammatory, may ameliorate adverse effects, and may enhance anti-leukemic activity by inhibition of the anti-apoptotic effects of constitutive NF-κB expression and induction of phosphatases that decrease signaling pathway activity.

An initial TPA Phase 1 study enrolled 35 patients [23 with relapsed/refractory AML, 2 with other myeloid malignancies (CML-blast crisis, myelodysplasia with excess blasts), 3 with Hodgkin's Disease, 3 with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and 4 with solid tumors]. The majority of patients had relapsed/refractory AML. Our clinical results include one AML patient with stable disease for >5 months, who received 8 TPA infusions. In a second AML patient, a pronounced (5-fold) decline in the number of circulating blasts was seen following TPA administration. This decline in leukemic blasts persisted for 4 weeks, and the patient eventually died from a fungal infection. Finally, a patient with relapsed and refractory Hodgkin's disease despite high dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell rescue had a partial remission of a chest wall mass after TPA administration. TPA dose escalation has been completed, in the last cohort 2 out of 3 patients treated at a dose of 0.188 mg/m2 d1-5, 8-12 experienced grade III non-hematologic dose limiting toxicities (DLT), establishing the maximum tolerated TPA dose as a single agent at 0.125 mg/m2/d on d1-5 and 8-12.

In the case of AML and other hematologic malignancies, patients are given an initial dose of TPA of 1 mg/week×3 weeks (days 1, 8, 15) administered with continuous/intermittent pulse oximetry for 6 hours. Twenty four hours prior to initiation of TPA therapy, patients are given 10 mg of dexamethasone every six hours and 1500 mg of choline magnesium trisalicylate (CMT) every eight hours continuing until 24 hours after administration of TPA. After administration of the initial dose of TPA, patients have a two week rest period after which they may be reevaluated. Those patients that have a disease response or stabilization from the initial dose of TPA are treated for up to six cycles of twenty-eight days according to the protocol below.

Following the two week rest period, patients are pre-medicated with Tylenol 650 mg and Benadryl 25-50 mg (depending on the patient's size and age) thirty minutes prior to administration of TPA. They are then given an intravenous infusion of TPA through a central venous catheter daily for 5 days a week for two consecutive weeks followed by a 2-week rest period. TPA is administered at a dose of 1 mg in 200 ml of normal saline over 1 hour. Twenty four hours prior to initiation of TPA therapy, patients are given 10 mg of dexamethasone every six hours and 1500 mg of choline magnesium trisalicylate continuing every eight hours until 24 hours after administration of the TPA.

Blood levels of TPA are measured prior to and after infusion using a bioassay that measures organic solvent extractable differentiation activity. 1 ml of blood is extracted twice with 5 ml of ethyl acetate, redissolving the extraction residue in 50 μL of ethanol and addition of an aliquot of HL60 cells. After 48 hours, adherent cells are measured.

Tests are also run on blood samples taken prior to and after infusion with TPA to determine levels of white blood cells, platelets, and neutrophils. The samples are additionally analyzed for the presence of myeloblasts and Auer rods. These and continuing experiments will further elucidate the therapeutic cytotoxic and other effects that TPA elicits against neoplastic cells in AML and other neoplastic and malignant conditions.

Example VIII Measurement of the Modulation of ERK Activation

Phospho-ERK levels are measured in circulating malignant cells in patients with leukemia and in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in lymphoma/solid tumor patients. A blood sample is taken from patients treated according to the protocol of Example VII both prior to and after administration of TPA.

In leukemia patients with a WBC≥1000 per μL, flow cytometry is performed on a blood sample using cell surface antigen-specific and phospho-ERK specific antibodies directly conjugated to flurophores (BD Biosciences, San Jose, Calif.). Samples are taken pre-administration of TPA and one our after infusion of TPA on days 1, 2, and 11 in the initial treatment according to the protocol of Example VII and days 1 and 11 in subsequent cycles. In leukemia patients with an absolute leukemic blast number≥2500 per μL and other non-leukemic patients, peripheral blood samples are taken on days 1, 8 and 15 of the initial cycle according to the protocol of Example VII prior to and 1 and 4 hours post infusion. Samples are also analyzed using Western blot analysis for phosphor-ERK, and total ERK1/2 levels to confirm the results obtained from the flow cytometry and correlated to clinical responses.

The foregoing analyses will further elucidate TPA's role in treatment of neoplastic and malignant conditions, including TPA's cytotoxic effect on malignant cells, exemplified by primary AML cells, and the associated reduction by TPA of the phosphor-ERK pro-survival signal.

Example IX Measurement of NF-κB Modulation

In prior studies we have shown that NF-κB activity can be modulated in patients following administration of TPA with dexamethasone. Additionally, dexamethasone has been shown to induce MKP-1 ERK phosphatase expression and enhance TPA cytotoxicity. The following studies are designed to further elucidate how NF-κB activity is therapeutically modulated in patients treated with TPA plus dexamethasone.

NF-κB binding is measured in patient peripheral blood samples at baseline and pre and post infusion from patients treated with TPA according to Example VII using ELISA-based assays (BD Bioscience, San Jose, USA). NF-κB levels are quantified using chemiluminescent intensity to detect binging in limiting amounts of cellular extract using a 96-well format. Additionally, electrophoretic mobility shift assays are performed to measure NF-κB binding in peripheral blood samples from leukemia patient with an absolute leukemic blast number≥2500 per μL and other non-leukemic patients with normal white blood cell counts.

The foregoing studies will further PA is an inducer of NF-κB, however these experiments demonstrate that AML cell NF-κB can be inhibited with treatment with dexamethasone and choline magnesium trisalicylate.

Example X Determination of Changes in Leukemic Gene Expression

TPA induces RNA levels of several dual specificity phosphatases capable of terminating pro-survival ERK pathway signaling. A blood sample taken pre and post infusion from patients with AML treated with TPA according to Example VII is used to study RNA expression of AML signaling components such as the MAPK-specific DUSPs using quantitative realtime RT-PCR and oligonucleotide microarray analysis.

Although the foregoing invention has been described in detail by way of example for purposes of clarity of understanding, it will be apparent to the artisan that certain changes and modifications may be practiced within the scope of the appended claims which are presented by way of illustration not limitation. In this context, various publications and other references have been cited with the foregoing disclosure for economy of description. Each of these references is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety for all purposes. It is noted, however, that the various publications discussed herein are incorporated solely for their disclosure prior to the filing date of the present application, and the inventors reserve the right to antedate such disclosure by virtue of prior invention.

REFERENCES

-   Abrahm J. L., Gerson S. L., Hoxie J. A., Tannenbaum s. h.,     Cassileth p. A., Cooper R. A. Differential effects of phorbol esters     on normal myeloid precursors and leukemic cells. Cancer Res. 46,     3711-3716 (1986). -   Altuwaijri S, Lin H K, Chuang K H, Lin W J, Yeh S, Hanchett L A,     Rahman M M, Kang H Y, Tsai M Y, Zhang Y, Yang L, and Chang C.     Interruption of nuclear factor kappaB signaling by the androgen     receptor facilitates 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbolacetate-induced     apoptosis in androgen-sensitive prostate cancer LNCaP cells. Cancer     Res 2003; 63: 7106-12. -   Ando I., Crawfor D. H. et al. Phorbol ester-induced expression and     function of the interleukin 2 receptor in human B lymphocytes. Eur J     Immunol. 15(4), 341-4 (1985). -   Aye M. T., Dunne J. V. Opposing effects of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol     13-acetate on human myeloid and lymphoid cell proliferation. J Cell     Physiol. 114(2), 209-14 (1983). -   Bauer I., Al Sarraj J. et al. Interleukin-I beta and     tetradecanoylphorbol acetate-induced biosynthesis of tumor necrosis     factor alpha in human hepatoma cells involved the transcription     factors ATF2 and c-Jun and stress-activated protein kinases. J Cell     Biochem. 100(1), 242-255 (Epub ahead of print), (2006). -   Beaupre D M and Kurzrock R. RAS and leukemia: from basic mechanisms     to gene-directed therapy. J Clin Oncol 1999; 17: 1071-9. -   Becker Y. The changes in the T helper I (TH1) and T helper (TH2)     cytokine balance during HIV infection are indicative of an allergic     response to viral proteins that may be reversed by TH2 cytokine     inhibitors and immune response modifiers—a review and hypothesis.     Virus Genes 28(1). 5-18 (2004). -   Beetz A., Messer G. et al. Induction of interldukin 6 by ionizing     radiation in a human epethelial cell line: controlk by     corticosteroids. Int j Radiat Biol 72(1), 33-43 (1997). -   Berenblum I. A re-evaluation of the concept of co-carcinogenesis.     Prog. Exp. Tumor Res. 11, 21-30 (1969). -   Blockland S. et al. Activation of latent HIV-1 expression by the     potent anti-tumor promoter 12-dexyphorbol-13-phenylacetate.     Antiviral Res. 59, 89-98 (2003). -   Boutwell R. K. Biochemical mechanism of tumor promotion, in     mechanisms of tumor promotion and co-carcinogenesis. Eds. Slaga, T.     J., Sivak, A. J. and Boutwell, R. K. Raven, New York, 49-58 (1978). -   Boutwell R. K. The function and mechanism of promoters of     carcinogensis. CRC Crit. Rev. Toxicol 2, 419-443 (1974). -   Brose N, Rosenmund C. Move over protein kinase C, you've got     company: alternative effectors of diacylglycerol and phorbol esters.     J Cell Sci;115:4399-411 (2002). Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. June;     57(6):789-95 (2006). -   Cheson B D, Cassileth P A, Head D R, Schiffer C A, Bennett J M,     Bloomfield C D, Brunning R, Gale R P, Greyer M R, Keating M J, and     et al. Report of the National Cancer Institute-sponsored workshop on     definitions of diagnosis and response in acute myeloid leukemia. J     Clin Oncol 1990; 8: 813-9. -   Chun T. W., Siliciano R. F. et al. Quantification of latent tissue     reservoirs and total body viral load in HIV-1 infection. Nature 387     (8), 183-188 (1997). -   Clerici M., Sheare G. M. A TH1→TH2 switch is a critical step in the     etiology of HIV infection. Immunol. Today 14(3), 107-110 (1993). -   Cui X X, Chang R L, Zheng X, Woodward D, Strair R, and Convey A H. A     sensitive bioassay for measuring blood levels of     12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) in patients: preliminary     pharmacokinetic studies. Oncol Res 2002; 13: 169-74. -   Deegan M. J., Maeda k. Differentiation of chronic lymphocytic     leukemia cells after in vitro treatment with Esptein-Barr virus or     phobol ester. Immunologic and morphologic studies. Am J Hermatol.     17(4), 335-47 (1984). -   Falcioni F., Rautmann A. et al. Influence of TPA     (12-O-tetradodecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate) on human B lymphocte     function. Clin Exp Immunol. 62(3), 163-2 (1985). -   Forbes I. J., Zalewski P. D., Letarte M. Human B-lymphocyte     maturation sequence revealed by TPA-induced differentiation of     leukaemi cells. Immunobiology 163(1), 1-6 (1982). -   Fujisawa K., Nasu K. et al. Production of interleukin (IL)-6 and     IL-8 by a chorio-carcinama cell line, BeWo. Placenta 21(4), 354-60     (2000). -   Gogusev J., Barbey S., Nezelof C. Regulation of TNF-alpha and IL-1     gene espression during TPA-induced differentiation of “Malignant     histiocyosis” DEL cell line t(5:6) (q35:P21). Anticancer Res. 16(1),     455-60 (1996) -   Gulakowski R. J., McMahon J. B., Bukheit Jr., et al. Antireplicative     and anti-cytopathic activities of prostratin, a non-tumor-promoting     phorbol ester against human immunodefeciency virus (HIV). Antiviral     Research 33, 87-97 (1997). -   Han Z T, Zhu X X, Yang R Y, Sun J Z, Tian G F, Liu X J, Cao G S,     Newmark H L, Conney A H, and Chang R L. Effect of intravenous     infusions of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) in patients     with myelocytic leukemia: preliminary studies on therapeutic     efficacy and toxicity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998; 95: 5357-61. -   Han Z. T., Tong Y. K., He L. M., Zhang Y., Sun J. Z., Wang T. Y.,     Zhang H., Cui Y. L., Newmark H. L., Conney A. H., Chang R. L.     12-O-Tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced increase in     depressed white blood cell counts in patients treated with cytotoxic     cancer chemotherapeutic drugs. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 95, 5363-5365     (1998).

Han Z. T., Zhu X. X., Yang R. Y., Sun J. Z., Tian G. F., Liu X. J., Cao G. S., NewMark H. L., Conney A. H., and Chang R. L. Effect off intravenous infusion of 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) in patients with myelocytic leukemia: preliminary studies on therapeutic efficacy and toxicity. Pro. Natl. Acad. Sci. 95, 5357-5361 (1998).

-   Harada S. et al et al.: Tumor Promoter, TPA, Enhances Replication of     HTLV-III/LAV. Virology 154, 249-258 (1986). -   Harrigan, P. R., Whaley, M., Montaner, J. S. G. Rate of HIV-1 RNA     rebound upon stopping antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 13, F59-F62     (1999). -   Hecker E. In handbuch der allgerneinen patholgie, ed. Grundmann, E.     (Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heideiberg, Vol. IV 16, 651-676 (1975). -   Hecker E. Structure-activity relationships in deterpene esters     irritant and co-carcinogenic to mouse skin, in mechanisms of tumor     promotion and co-carcinogenesis. Eds. Slaga, T. J., Sevak, A. j. and     Boutwell, R. K. Raven, New York, 11-49 (1978). -   Hofmann J. The potential for isoenzyme-selective modulation of     protein kinase C. FASEB J. 11, 649-669 (1997). -   Huberman E., Callaham M. F. Induction of terminal differentiation in     human promyelocytic leukemia cells by tumor-promoting agents. Proc.     Natl. Acad. Sci.76, 1293-1297 (1979). -   Hunter T. Signaling 2000 and beyond. Cell 100, 113-117 (2000). -   Jordan C T. Unique molecular and cellular features of acute     myelogenous leukemia stem cells. Leukemia 2002; 16: 559-62. -   Kassel O, Sancono A, Kratzschmar J, Kreft B, Stassen M, and Cato     A C. Glucocorticoids inhibit MAP kinase via increased expression and     decreased degradation of MKP-1. Embo J 2001; 20: 7108-16. -   Kawakami A., Eguchi K. et al. Inhibitory effects of interleukin-10     on synovial cells of rheumatoid arthitis. Immumonolgy 81(2), 252-9     (1997). -   Kazanietz M. G. Eyes Wide Shut: protein kinase C isoenzymes are not     the only receptors for the phorbol ester tumor promoters. Mol.     Carcinog. 28, 5-12 (2000). -   Keoffler H. P., Bar-Eli M., Territo M. C. Phorbol ester effect on     differentiation of human myeloid leukemia cells lines blocked at     different stages of maturation. Cancer Res. 41, 919-926 (1981). -   Kim S C, Hahn J S, Min Y H, Yoo N C, Ko Y W. and Lee W J.     Constitutive activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase in     human acute leukemias: combined role of activation of MEK,     hyperexpression of extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and     downregulation of a phosphatase, PAC1. Blood 1999; 93: 3893-9. -   Kiyoi H, Naoe T, Nakano Y, Yokota S, Minami S, Miyawaki S, Asou N,     Kuriyama K, Jinnai I, Shimazaki C, Akiyama H, Saito K, Oh H, Motoji     T, Omoto E, Saito H, Ohno R, and Ueda R. Prognostic implication of     FLT3 and N-RAS gene mutations in acute myeloid leukemia. Blood 1999;     93: 3074-80. -   Kobayashi M., Okada N. et al. Intracellular interleukin-1 alpha     production in human gingival fibroblasts is differentially regulated     by various cytokines. J Dent Res. 78(4), 840-9 (1999). -   Koeffler H. P. Phorbol diester-induced macrophge diffrentiation of     leukemic blasts from patients with human myelogenous leukemia. J.     Clin. Invest. 66, 1101-1108 (1980). -   Kulkosky J., Merantz R. J. et al. Prostratin: activation of latent     HIV-1 expression suggested a potential inductive adjuvant therapy     for HAART. Blood 98 (10), 3006-3015 (2001). -   Lebien T. W., Bollum F. J. et al. Phorbol ester-induced     differentiatiion of a non-T, non-B leudemic cell line: model for     human lymphoid progenitor cell development. J Immunol. 128(3),     1316-20 (1982). -   Lehrman G., Hogue I. B., Palme S. et al. Depletion of Latent HIV-V     infection in vivo: a proof -of-concept study. Lancet 366 (9485),     523-524 (2005). -   Lotem J., Sachs L. Regulation of normal differentiation in mouse and     human myeloid leukemia cells by phorbol esters and the mechanism of     tumor promotion. Pro. Natl. Acad. Sci.76 5158-5162 (1979). -   M D Iqbal Hossain Chowdhury et al. The Phorbol Ester TPA Strongly     Inhibits HIV-1 Induced Syncytia Formation but Enhances Virus     Production: possible involvement of protein kinase C pathway.     Virology 176, 126-132, (1990). -   Meinhardt G, Roth J, and Totok G. Protein kinase C activation     modulates pro- and anti-apoptotic signaling pathways. Eur J Cell     Biol 2000; 79: 824-33. -   Meinhardt G., Roth J., Hass R. Activation of protein kinase C relays     distinct signaling pathways in the same cell type: differentiation     and caspase-mediated apoptosis. Cell Death Differ. 7, 795-803     (2000). -   Milella M, Kornblau S M, Estrov Z, Carter B Z, Lapillonne H, Harris     D, Konopleva M, Zhao S, Estey E, and Andreeff M. Therapeutic     targeting of the MEK/MAPK signal transduction module in acute     myeloid leukemia. J Clin Invest 2001; 108: 851-9. -   Mochty-Rosen D., Kauvar L. M. Modulating protein kinase C signal     transduction. Adv. Pharmacol. 44, 91-145 (1998). -   Morgan M A, Dolp O, and Reuter C W. Cell-cycle-dependent activation     of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK-1/2) in myeloid     leukemia cell lines and induction of growth inhibition and apoptosis     by inhibitors of RAS signaling. Blood 2001; 97: 1823-34. -   Nagasawa K., Chechgik B. E. et al. Modulation of human T-cell     differentiation markers by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbal-13-acetate.     Thymus. 3(4-5), 307-18, (1981). -   Nakao Y., Matsuda S. et al. Paradoxical anti-leukemic effects of     plant-derived tumor promoters on a human thymic lymphoblast cell     line. Int J Cancer 30(6), 687-95 (1982). -   Nakao Y., Matsuda S. et al. Phorbol ester-induced differentiation of     human T-lymphoblastic cell line HPB-ALL. Cancer Res. 42(9), 33843-50     (1982). -   Newton A. C. Protein kinase C: structure, function and     regulation. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 28495-28499 (1995). -   Niederman T. M. J., Ratner L. et al. Human Immunodeficiency Virus     Tpye I Nef Protein Inhibits NF-KB Induction in Human T Cells. J.     Virology 66 (10), 6313-6219 (1992). -   Norwell P., Shankey T. V. et al. Prolliferation, differentiation and     cytogenetics of chronic leukemic B lymphocytes cultured wih     mitomycin-treated normal cells. Blood 57(3), 444-51 (1981). -   O'banion M. K., Miller J. C. et al. Interleukin-1 beta induces     prostaglandin G/H synthase-2 (cyclooxygenase-2) in primary murine     astrocyte cultures. J Neurochem 66(6), 2532-40 (1996). -   Okamura J., Geffand E. W., Letarte M. Heterogenneity of the response     pf chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells to phorbol ester. Blood 60(5),     1082-8 (1982). -   Palella F J, Jr, Delaney K M, Moorman A C, et al. Declining     morbidity and mortality among patients with advanced human     immunodeficiency virus infection. HIV Outpatient Study     Investigators. N Engl J Med. 338:853-860 (1998). -   Palombella V J, Rando O J, Goldberg A L, and Maniatis T. The     ubiquitin-proteasome pathway is required for processing the NF-kappa     B1 precursor protein and the activation of NF-kappa B. Cell 1994;     78: 773-85. -   Persaud D., Theodore P., Siliciano R. F. et al. A stable latent     reservoir for HIV-1 in resting CD4⁺ T lymophocytes in:infected     children. J. Clini, Invest 115 (7), 995-1003 (2000). -   Platanias L C. Map kinase signaling pathways and hematologic     malignancies. Blood 2003; 101: 4667-79. -   Polliack A., Leizerowitz R., Korkesh A., Gurfel D., Gamliel H.,     Galili U. Exposure to TPA in vitro as an aid in the classification     of blasts in human myelogenous and lymphoid leukemias. Am. J.     Hematol. 13, 199-211 (1982). -   Redondo P., Garci-Foncillas J. et al. Differential modulation of     IL-8 and TNF-alpha expression in human keratinocytes by buffomedil     chlorhydrate and pentoxifylline. Exp. Dermatol. 6(4), 186-94 (1997). -   Rovera G., Santoli D., Damsky C. Human promyelocytic cells in     culture differentiate into macrophage-like cells treated with a     phorbol diester. Pro. Natl. Acad. Sci. 7, 2779-2783 (1979). -   Rullas J., Alcami J. et al. Receptors in peripheral blood     lymphocytes. Antivir. Ther. 9 (4). 545-554 (2004). -   Sahar El-Mekkawy et .al. Anti-HIV-1 phorbol esters from the seeds of     Croton tiglium. Phytochemistry 53, 457-464 (2000). -   Schaar D, Goodell L, Aisner J, Cui X X, Han Z T, Chang R, Martin J,     Grospe S, Dudek L, Riley J, Manago J, Lin Y, Rubin E H, Conney A,     Strair R K. A phase I clinical trial of     12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate for patients with     relapsed/refractory malignancies. -   Scheinman R I, Cogswell P C, Lofquist A K, and Baldwin A S, Jr. Role     of Transcriptional Activation of IkappaBalpha in Mediation of     Immunosuppression by Glucocorticoids. Science 1995; 270: 283-286. -   Shkolnick T., Schlossman S. F., Griffin J. D. Acute undifferentiated     leukemia: induction of partial differentiation by phorbol ester.     Leuk. Res. 9, 11-17 (1985). -   Shwarz M. et .al. High-level IL-10 production by monoclonal     antibody-stimulated human T cells. Immunology 86, 364-371 (1995). -   Siliciano J. D., Siliciano R. F. et al. Longterm follow-up studies     confirm the stability of the latent reservoir for HIV-1 in resting     CD4⁺ T cells. Nature Med. 9(6) 727-728 (2003). -   Staber P B, Linkesch W, Zauner D, Beham-Schmid C, Guelly C. Schauer     S, Sill H, and Hoefler G. Common alterations in gene expression and     increased proliferation in recurrent acute myeloid leukemia.     Oncogene 2004; 23: 894-904. -   Steube K. G., Meyer C., Drexler H. G. Constitutive excretion of     hematopoietic cytokines by human carcinoma cell lines and its     up-regulation by interleukin-1 and phorbol ester. Oncol. Rep. 6(20),     427-32 (1999). -   Strair R K, Schaar D, Goodell L, Aisner J, Chin K V, Eid J, Senzon     R, Cui X X, Han Z T, Knox B, Rabson A B, Chang R, and Conney A.     Administration of a phorbol ester to patients with hematological     malignancies: preliminary results from a phase I clinical trial of     12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate. Clin Cancer Res 2002; 8:     2512-8 -   Sumitomo M, Shen R, Goldberg J S, Dai J, Navarro D, and Nanus D M.     Neutral endopeptidase promotes phorbol ester-induced apoptosis in     prostate cancer cells by inhibiting neuropeptide-induced protein     kinase C delta degradation. Cancer Res 2000; 60: 6590-6. -   Totterman T. H., Nilsson K., Sundstrom C. Phorbol ester-induced     differentiation of chronic lymphoctic leukaemia cells. Nature     288(5787), 176-8 (1980) -   Towatari M, Lida H, Tanimoto M, Iwata H, Hamaguchi M, and Saito H.     Constitutive activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway     in acute leukemia cells. Leukemia 1997; 11: 479-84. -   Van Duuren, B. L. Tumor-promoting agents in two-stage     carcinogenesis. Prog. Exp. Tumor Res. 11, 31-68 (1969). -   Williams S. W. et al. Prostratin Antagonize HIV Latency by     Activating NF-KB. J. Biol. Chem. 279, 42008-42017 (2004). -   Yamamoto Y, Kiyoi H, Nakano Y, Suzuki R, Kodera Y, Miyawaki S, Asou     N, Kuriyama K, Yagasaki F, Shimazaki C, Akiyama H, Saito K,     Nishimura M, Motoji T, Shinagawa K, Takeshita A, Saito H, Ueda R,     Ohno R, and Naoe T. Activating mutation of D835 within the     activation loop of FLT3 in human hematologic malignancies. Blood     2001; 97: 2434-9. -   YIP, Y. K. et al. Stimulation of human gamma interferon production     by diterpene esters. Infection and Immunity 34(1) 131-139 (1981). -   Zhao J., Sharma Y., Agarwal R. Significant inhibition by the     flavonoid antioxidant silymarin against 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol     13-acetate-caused modulation of antioxidant and inflammatory enzymes     and cyclooxygenase2 and interlukin-I alpha expression in SENCAR     mouse epidermis: implications in the prevention of stage 1 tumor     promotion. Mol Carcinog. 26(4), 321-33 (1999). 

We claim:
 1. A method for preventing or treating HIV infection or disease in a mammalian subject comprising administering an effective amount of a phorbol ester or derivative of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt, isomer, enantiomer, solvate, hydrate, polymorph or prodrug thereof to said subject

wherein R₁ and R₂ are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen,

and substituted derivatives thereof, and R₃ is selected from hydrogen,

and substituted derivatives thereof.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein R₁ or R₂ is

the remaining R₁ or R₂ is

and R₃ is hydrogen.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the phorbol ester is phorbol 13-butyrate, phorbol 12-decanoate, phorbol 13-decanoate, phorbol 12,13-diacetate, phorbol 13,20-diacetate, phorbol 12,13-dibenzoate, phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate, phorbol 12,13-didecanoate, phorbol 12,13-dihexanoate, phorbol 12,13-dipropionate, phorbol 12-myristate, phorbol 13-myristate, phorbol 12,13,20-triacetate, 12-deoxyphorbol 13-angelate, 12-deoxyphorbol 13-angelate 20-acetate, 12-deoxyphorbol 13-isobutyrate, 12-deoxyphorbol 13-isobutyrate-20-acetate, 12-deoxyphorbol 13-phenylacetate, 12-deoxyphorbol 13-phenylacetate 20-acetate, 12-deoxyphorbol 13-tetradecanoate, phorbol 12-tigliate 13-decanoate, 12-deoxyphorbol 13-acetate, phorbol 12-acetate, or phorbol 13-acetate.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the phorbol ester is 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate.
 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising administering at least one secondary anti-retroviral or other adjunctive therapeutic agent that is effective in a combinatorial formulation or coordinate treatment regimen with said phorbol ester or derivative compound of Formula I to treat or prevent HIV in said subject.
 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the at least one secondary anti-retroviral or other adjunctive therapeutic agent is administered to said subject in a coordinate administration protocol, simultaneously with, prior to, or after, administration of said phorbol ester to said subject.
 7. The method of claim 5, wherein the at least one secondary anti-retroviral or other adjunctive therapeutic agent is selected from the group consisting of: protease inhibitors, nucleoside reverse transcriptase, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, combination drugs, entry and fusion inhibitors, acyclovir, adefovir dipivoxil, aldesleukin, amphotericin b, azithromycin, calcium hydroxylapatite, clarithrornycin, doxorubicin, dronabinol, entecavir, epoetin alfa, etoposide, fluconazole, ganciclovir, immunoglobulins, interferon alfa-2, isoniazid, itraconazole, megestrol, paclitaxel, peginterferon alfa-2, pentamidine, poly-1-lactic acid, ribavirin, rifabutin, rifampin, somatropin, testosterone, trimetrexate, valganciclovir; integrase inhibitors, microbicides, and IL-2.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein said effective amount comprises between about 10 and 1500 μg of said phorbol ester or derivative compound of Formula I every other day.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein said effective amount comprises between about 150 to 500 μg of said phorbol ester or derivative compound of Formula I every other day.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein said effective amount of said phorbol ester compound or derivative compound of Formula I is administered once per day.
 11. A method for preventing or treating one or more symptoms or conditions of HIV infection or AIDS in a mammalian subject comprising administering an effective amount of phorbol ester or derivative compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt, isomer, enantiomer, solvate, hydrate, polymorph or prodrug thereof to said subject

wherein R₁ and R₂ are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen,

and substituted derivatives thereof, and R₃ is selected from hydrogen,

and substituted derivatives thereof.
 12. The method of claim 11, wherein R₁ or R₂ is

the remaining R₁ or R₂ is

and R₃ is hydrogen.
 13. The method of claim 11, wherein the phorbol ester is phorbol 13-butyrate, phorbol 12-decanoate, phorbol 13-decanoate, phorbol 12,13-diacetate, phorbol 13,20-diacetate, phorbol 12,13-dibenzoate, phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate, phorbol 12,13-didecanoate, phorbol 12,13-dihexanoate, phorbol 12,13-dipropionate, phorbol 12-myristate, phorbol 13-myristate, phorbol 12,13,20-triacetate, 12-deoxyphorbol 13-angelate, 12-deoxyphorbol 13-angelate 20-acetate, 12-deoxyphorbol 13-isobutyrate, 12-deoxyphorbol 13-isobutyrate-20-acetate, 12-deoxyphorbol 13-phenylacetate, 12-deoxyphorbol 13-phenylacetate 20-acetate, 12-deoxyphorbol 13-tetradecanoate, phorbol 12-tigliate 13-decanoate, 12-deoxyphorbol 13-acetate, phorbol 12-acetate, or phorbol 13-acetate.
 14. The method of claim 11, wherein the phorbol ester is 12-O-tetradecanoylphobol-13-acetate.
 15. The method of claim 11, further comprising administering at least one secondary anti-retroviral or other adjunctive therapeutic agent that is effective in a combinatorial formulation or coordinate treatment regimen with said phorbol ester or derivative compound of Formula I to treat symptoms or conditions of AIDS in said subject.
 16. The method of claim 11, wherein the at least one secondary anti-retroviral or other adjunctive therapeutic agent is administered to said subject in a coordinate administration protocol, simultaneously with, prior to, or after, administration of said phorbol ester to said subject.
 17. The method of claim 11, wherein the at least one secondary anti-retroviral or other adjunctive therapeutic agent is selected from the group consisting of: protease inhibitors, nucleoside reverse transcriptase, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, combination drugs, entry and fusion inhibitors, acyclovir, adefovir dipivoxil, aldesleukin, amphotericin b, azithromycin, calcium hydroxylapatite, clarithromycin, doxorubicin, dronabinol, entecavir, epoetin alfa, etoposide, fluconazole, ganciclovir, immunoglobulins, interferon alfa-2, isoniazid, itraconazole, megestrol, paclitaxel, peginterferon alfa-2, pentamidine, poly-1-lactic acid, ribavirin, rifabutin, rifampin, somatropin, testosterone, trimetrexate, valganciclovir; integrase inhibitors, microbicides, and IL-2.
 18. The method of claim 11, wherein the one or more symptoms or conditions of AIDS are oral lesions, fatigue, skin thrush, fever, lack of appetite, diarrhea, apthous ulcers, malabsorbtion, thrombocytopenia, weight loss, anemia, and lymph node enlargement, mycobacterium avium complex, salmonellosis, syphilis, neuroshyphilis, turberculosis, bacillary angiomatosis, aspergillosis, candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, listeriosis, pelvic inflammatory disease, Burkitt's lymphoma, cryptococcal meningitis, histoplasmosis, Kaposi's sarcoma, lymphoma, systemic non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, primary CNS lymphoma, cryptosporidiosis, isosporiasis, microsporidiosis, pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, toxoplasmosis, cytomegalovirus, hepatitis, herpes simplex, herpes zoster, human papiloma virus, molluscum contagiosum, oral hairy leukoplakia, and progressive multi focal leukoencephalopathy.
 19. A method for controlling HIV infection in a mammalian subject to reduce or prevent AIDS comprising administering to said subject an effective amount of a phorbol ester or derivative compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt, isomer, enantiomer, solvate, hydrate, polymorph or prodrug thereof, to said subject

wherein R₁ and R₂ are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen,

and substituted derivatives thereof and R₃ is selected from hydrogen,

and substituted derivatives thereof.
 20. The method of claim 19, wherein R₁ or R₂ is

the remaining R₁ or R₂ is

and R₃ is hydrogen.
 21. The method of claim 19, wherein the phorbol ester is phorbol 13-butyrate, phorbol 12-decanoate, phorbol 13-decanoate, phorbol 12,13-diacetate, phorbol 13,20-diacetate, phorbol 12,13-dibenzoate, phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate, phorbol 12,13-didecanoate, phorbol 12,13-dihexanoate, phorbol 12,13-dipropionate, phorbol 12-myristate, phorbol 13-myristate, phorbol 12,13,20-triacetate, 12-deoxyphorbol 13-angelate, 12-deoxyphorbol 13-angelate 20-acetate, 12-deoxyphorbol 13-isobutyrate, 12-deoxyphorbol 13-isobutyrate-20-acetate, 12-deoxyphorbol 13-phenylacetate, 12-deoxyphorbol 13-phenylacetate 20-acetate, 12-deoxyphorbol 13-tetradecanoate, phorbol 12-tigliate 13-decanoate, 12-deoxyphorbol 13-acetate, phorbol 12-acetate, or phorbol 13-acetate.
 22. The method of claim 19, wherein the phorbol ester is 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate.
 23. A composition for preventing or alleviating HIV in a mammalian subject comprising an effective amount of a phorbol ester or derivative compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt, isomer, enantiomer, solvate, hydrate, polymorph or prodrug thereof

wherein R₁ and R₂ are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen,

and substituted derivatives thereof, and R₃ is selected from hydrogen,

and substituted derivatives thereof.
 24. The composition of claim 23, wherein R₁ or R₂ is

the remaining R₁ or R₂ is

and R₃ is hydrogen.
 25. The composition of claim 23, wherein the phorbol ester is phorbol 13-butyrate, phorbol 12-decanoate, phorbol 13-decanoate, phorbol 12,13-diacetate, phorbol 13,20-diacetate, phorbol 12,13-dibenzoate, phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate, phorbol 12,13-didecanoate, phorbol 12,13-dihexanoate, phorbol 12,13-dipropionate, phorbol 12-myristate, phorbol 13-myristate, phorbol 12,13,20-triacetate, 12-deoxyphorbol 13-angelate, 12-deoxyphorbol 13-angelate 20-acetate, 12-deoxyphorbol 13-isobutyrate, 12-deoxyphorbol 13-isobutyrate-20-acetate, 12-deoxyphorbol 13-phenylacetate, 12-deoxyphorbol 13-phenylacetate 20-acetate, 12-deoxyphorbol 13-tetradecanoate, phorbol 12-tigliate 13-decanoate, 12-deoxyphorbol 13-acetate, phorbol 12-acetate, or phorbol 13-acetate.
 26. The composition of claim 23, wherein the phorbol ester is 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate.
 27. The composition of claim 23, further comprising at least one secondary or adjunctive therapeutic agent that is effective in a combinatorial formulation with said phorbol ester or derivative compound of Formula I.
 28. The composition of claim 23, wherein the at least one secondary or adjunctive therapeutic agent is selected from the group consisting of: protease inhibitors, nucleoside reverse transcriptase, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, combination drugs, entry and fusion inhibitors, acyclovir, adefovir dipivoxil, aldesleukin, amphotericin b, azithromycin, calcium hydroxylapatite, clarithromycin, doxorubicin, dronabinol. entecavir, epoetin alfa, etoposide, fluconazole, ganciclovir, immunoglobulins, interferon alfa-2, isoniazid, itraconazole, megestrol, paclitaxel, peginterferon alfa-2, pentamidine, poly-1-lactic acid, ribavirin, rifabutin, rifampin, somatropin, testosterone, trimetrexate, valganciclovir; integrase inhibitors, microbicides, and IL-2.
 29. A method for activating latent reservoirs of HIV comprising administering an effective amount of a phorbol ester or derivative compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt, isomer, enantiomer, solvate, hydrate, polymorph or prodrug thereof to said subject

wherein R₁ and R₂ are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen,

and substituted derivatives thereof, and R₃ is selected from hydrogen,

and substituted derivatives thereof.
 30. The method of claim 29, wherein R₁ or R₂ is

the remaining R₁ or R₂ is

and R₃ is hydrogen.
 31. The method of claim 29, wherein the phorbol ester is phorbol 13-butyrate, phorbol 12-decanoate, phorbol 13-decanoate, phorbol 12,13-diacetate, phorbol 13,20-diacetate, phorbol 12,13-dibenzoate, phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate, phorbol 12,13-didecanoate, phorbol 12,13-dihexanoate, phorbol 12,13-dipropionate, phorbol 12-myristate, phorbol 13-myristate, phorbol 12,13,20-triacetate, 12-deoxyphorbol 13-angelate, 12-deoxyphorbol 13-angelate 20-acetate, 12-deoxyphorbol 13-isobutyrate, 12-deoxyphorbol 13-isobutyrate-20-acetate, 12-deoxyphorbol 13-phenylacetate, 12-deoxyphorbol 13-phenylacetate 20-acetate, 12-deoxyphorbol 13-tetradecanoate, phorbol 12-tigliate 13-decanoate, 12-deoxyphorbol 13-acetate, phorbol 12-acetate, or phorbol 13-acetate.
 32. The method of claim 29, wherein the phorbol ester is 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate.
 33. The method of claim 29, further comprising administering a secondary anti-retroviral or other adjunctive therapeutic agent that is effective in a combinatorial formulation or coordinate treatment regimen with said phorbol ester or related or derivative compound of Formula I.
 34. The method of claim 33, wherein the secondary anti-retroviral or adjunctive therapeutic agent is administered to said subject in a coordinate administration protocol, simultaneously with, prior to, or after, administration of said phorbol ester to said subject.
 35. The method of claim 33, wherein the secondary anti-retroviral or adjunctive therapeutic agent is selected from the group consisting of: protease inhibitors, nucleoside reverse transcriptase, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, combination drugs, entry and fusion inhibitors, acyclovir, adefovir dipivoxil, aldesleukin, amphotericin b, azithromycin, calcium hydroxylapatite, clarithromycin, doxorubicin, dronabinol, entecavir, epoetin alfa, etoposide, fluconazole, ganciclovir, immunoglobulins, interferon alfa-2, isoniazid, itraconazole, megestrol, paclitaxel, peginterferon alfa-2, pentamidine, poly-1-lactic acid, ribavirin, rifabutin, rifampin, somatropin, testosterone, trimetrexate, valganciclovir; integrase inhibitors, microbicides, and IL-2.
 36. The method of claim 29, wherein said effective amount comprises between about 10 and 1500 μg of said phorbol ester or derivative compound of Formula I every other day.
 37. The method of claim 29, wherein said effective amount comprises between about 150 to 500 μg of said phorbol ester or derivative compound of Formula I every other day.
 38. The method of claim 29, wherein said effective amount of said phorbol ester compound or derivative compound of Formula I is administered once per day.
 39. A method of increasing the expression of Th1 cytokines comprising administering an effective amount of a phorbol ester or derivative of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt, isomer, enantiomer, solvate, hydrate, polymorph or prodrug thereof to said subject

wherein R₁ and R₂ are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen,

and substituted derivatives thereof, and R₃ is selected from hydrogen,

and substituted derivatives thereof.
 40. The method of claim 39, wherein R₁ or R₂ is

the remaining R₁ or R₂ is

and R₃ is hydrogen.
 41. The method of claim 39, wherein the phorbol ester is phorbol 13-butyrate, phorbol 12-decanoate, phorbol 13-decanoate, phorbol 12,13-diacetate, phorbol 13,20-diacetate, phorbol 12,13-dibenzoate, phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate, phorbol 12,13-didecanoate, phorbol 12,13-dihexanoate, phorbol 12,13-dipropionate, phorbol 12-myristate, phorbol 13-myristate, phorbol 12,13,20-triacetate, 12-deoxyphorbol 13-angelate, 12-deoxyphorbol 13-angelate 20-acetate, 12-deoxyphorbol 13-isobutyrate, 12-deoxyphorbol 13-isobutyrate-20-acetate, 12-deoxyphorbol 13-phenylacetate, 12-deoxyphorbol 13-phenylacetate 20-acetate, 12-deoxyphorbol 13-tetradecanoate, phorbol 12-tigliate 13-decanoate, 12-deoxyphorbol 13-acetate, phorbol 12-acetate, or phorbol 13-acetate.
 42. The method of claim 39, wherein the phorbol ester is 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate.
 43. The method of claim 39, further comprising administering a secondary or other adjunctive therapeutic agent that is effective in a combinatorial formulation or coordinate treatment regimen with said phorbol ester or derivative compound of Formula I to upregulate Th1 cytokines.
 44. The method of claim 43, wherein the secondary or adjunctive therapeutic agent is administered to said subject in a coordinate administration protocol, simultaneously with, prior to, or after, administration of said phorbol ester to said subject.
 45. The method of claim 43, wherein the secondary or adjunctive therapeutic agent is selected from the group consisting of: protease inhibitors, nucleoside reverse transcriptase, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, combination drugs, entry and fusion inhibitors, acyclovir, adefovir dipivoxil, aldesleukin, amphotericin b, azithromycin, calcium hydroxylapatite, clarithromycin, doxorubicin, dronabinol, entecavir, epoetin alfa, etoposide, fluconazole, ganciclovir, immunoglobulins, interferon alfa-2, isoniazid, itraconazole, megestrol, paclitaxel, peginterferon alfa-2, pentamidine, poly-1-lactic acid, ribavirin, rifabutin, rifampin, somatropin, testosterone, trimetrexate, valganciclovir; integrase inhibitors, microbicides, and IL-2.
 46. The method of claim 39, wherein said effective amount comprises between about 10 and 1500 μg of said phorbol ester or derivative compound of Formula I every other day.
 47. The method of claim 39, wherein said effective amount comprises between about 150 to 500 μg of said phorbol ester or derivative compound of Formula I every other day.
 48. The method of claim 40, wherein said effective amount of said phorbol ester compound or derivative compound of Formula I is administered once per day.
 49. A method of treating or preventing neoplasms in a mammalian subject comprising administering an effective amount of a phorbol ester or derivative of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt, isomer, enantiomer, solvate, hydrate, polymorph or prodrug thereof to said subject

wherein R₁ and R₂ are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen,

and substituted derivatives thereof, R₃ is selected from hydrogen,

and substituted derivatives thereof; and at least one secondary or adjunctive therapeutic agent that is effective in a combinatorial formulation or coordinate treatment regimen with said phorbol ester or derivative compound of Formula I to treat or prevent neoplasms in said subject.
 50. The method of claim 49, wherein R₁ or R₂ is

the remaining R₁ or R₂ is

and R₃ is hydrogen.
 51. The method of claim 49, wherein the phorbol ester is phorbol 13-butyrate, phorbol 12-decanoate, phorbol 13-decanoate, phorbol 12,13-diacetate, phorbol 13,20-diacetate, phorbol 12,13-dibenzoate, phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate, phorbol 12,13-didecanoate, phorbol 12,13-dihexanoate, phorbol 12,13-dipropionate, phorbol 12-myristate, phorbol 13-myristate, phorbol 12,13,20-triacetate, 12-deoxyphorbol 13-angelate, 12-deoxyphorbol 13-angelate 20-acetate, 12-deoxyphorbol 13-isobutyrate, 12-deoxyphorbol 13-isobutyrate-20-acetate, 12-deoxyphorbol 13-phenylacetate, 12-deoxyphorbol 13-phenylacetate 20-acetate, 12-deoxyphorbol 13-tetradecanoate, phorbol 12-tigliate 13-decanoate, 12-deoxyphorbol 13-acetate, phorbol 12-acetate, or phorbol 13-acetate.
 52. The method of claim 49, wherein the phorbol ester is 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate.
 53. The method of claim 49, wherein the at least one secondary or adjunctive therapeutic agent is administered to said subject in a coordinate administration protocol, simultaneously with, prior to, or after, administration of said phorbol ester to said subject.
 54. The method of claim 49, wherein the at least one secondary or adjunctive therapeutic agent is selected from the group consisting of: doxorubicin, vitamin D3, cytarabine, cytosine arabinoside, daunorubicin, cyclophosphamide, gemtuzumab ozogamicin, idarubicin, mercaptopurine, mitoxantrone, thioguanine, aldesleukin, asparaginase, carboplatin, etoposide phosphate, fludarabine, methotrexate, etoposide, dexamethasone, and choline magnesium trisalicylate.
 55. The method of claim 49, wherein two secondary or adjunctive therapeutic agents are administered to said subject.
 56. The method of claim 55, wherein the two secondary or adjunctive therapeutic agents are dexamethasone and choline magnesium trisalicylate.
 57. The method of claim 49, wherein said effective amount comprises between about 10 and 1500 μg of said phorbol ester or derivative compound of Formula I every day.
 58. The method of claim 49, wherein said effective amount comprises between about 150 to 500 μg of said phorbol ester or derivative compound of Formula I every day.
 59. The method of claim 49 wherein the neoplasm is caused by a hematological malignancy/bone marrow disorder.
 60. The method of claim 59, wherein the hematological malignancy/bone marrow disorder is leukemia.
 61. The method of claim 60, wherein the leukemia is acute myeloid leukemia.
 62. The method of claim 49, wherein the neoplasm is a solid tumor.
 63. The method of claim 49, wherein the neoplasm is a relapsing neoplasm.
 64. The method of claim 49, wherein the neoplasm is refractory.
 65. A method for preventing or treating one or more symptoms or conditions of neoplastic disease in a mammalian subject comprising administering an effective amount of phorbol ester or derivative compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt, isomer, enantiomer, solvate, hydrate, polymorph or prodrug thereof to said subject

wherein R₁ and R₂ are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen,

and substituted derivatives thereof, R₃ is hydrogen,

and substituted derivatives thereof; and at least one secondary or adjunctive therapeutic agent that is effective in a combinatorial formulation or coordinate treatment regimen with said phorbol ester or derivative compound of Formula I to treat or prevent symptoms of neoplastic disease in said subject.
 66. The method of claim 65, wherein R₁ or R₂ is

the remaining R₁ or R₂ is

and R₃ is hydrogen.
 67. The method of claim 65, wherein the phorbol ester is phorbol 13-butyrate, phorbol 12-decanoate, phorbol 13-decanoate, phorbol 12,13-diacetate, phorbol 13,20-diacetate, phorbol 12,13-dibenzoate, phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate, phorbol 12,13-didecanoate, phorbol 12,13-dihexanoate, phorbol 12,13-dipropionate, phorbol 12-myristate, phorbol 13-myristate, phorbol 12,13,20-triacetate, 12-deoxyphorbol 13-angelate, 12-deoxyphorbol 13-angelate 20-acetate, 12-deoxyphorbol 13-isobutyrate, 12-deoxyphorbol 13-isobutyrate-20-acetate, 12-deoxyphorbol 13-phenylacetate, 12-deoxyphorbol 13-phenylacetate 20-acetate, 12-deoxyphorbol 13-tetradecanoate, phorbol 12-tigliate 13-decanoate, 12-deoxyphorbol 13-acetate, phorbol 12-acetate, or phorbol 13-acetate.
 68. The method of claim 65, wherein the phorbol ester is 12-O-tetradecanoylphobol-13-acetate.
 69. The method of claim 68, wherein the at least one secondary or adjunctive therapeutic agent is administered to said subject in a coordinate administration protocol, simultaneously with, prior to, or after, administration of said phorbol ester to said subject.
 70. The method of claim 68, wherein the at least one secondary or adjunctive therapeutic agent is selected from the group consisting of: doxorubicin, vitamin D3, cytarabine, cytosine arabinoside, daunorubicin, cyclophosphamide, gemtuzumab ozogamicin, idarubicin, mercaptopurine, mitoxantrone, thioguanine, aldesleukin, asparaginase, carboplatin, etoposide phosphate, fludarabine, methotrexate, etoposide, dexamethasone, and choline magnesium trisalicylate.
 71. The method of claim 68, wherein the one or more symptoms or conditions of neoplastic disease are anemia, chronic fatigue, excessive or easy bleeding, easy bruising, shortness of breath, petechiae, recurrent fever, swollen gums, slow healing of cuts, bone and joint discomfort, recurrent infections, weight loss, itching, night sweats, lymph node swelling, fever, abdominal pain and discomfort, disturbances in vision, coughing, loss of appetite, pain in the chest, difficulty swallowing, swelling, a need to urinate frequently, difficulty starting urination, difficulty holding back urine, weak or interrupted flow of urine, painful or burning urination, difficulty in having an erection, painful ejaculation, blood in urine or semen, frequent pain or stiffness, or weakness.
 72. A method for inducing remission in a mammalian subject suffering from neoplastic disease comprising administering to said subject an effective amount of a phorbol ester or derivative compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt, isomer, enantiomer, solvate, hydrate, polymorph or prodrug thereof, to said subject

wherein R₁ and R₂ are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen,

and substituted derivatives thereof; R₃ is hydrogen,

and substituted derivatives thereof; and at least one secondary or adjunctive therapeutic agent that is effective in a combinatorial formulation or coordinate treatment regimen with said phorbol ester of derivative compound of Formula I to induce remission in said subject.
 73. The method of claim 72, wherein R₁ or R₂ is

the remaining R₁ or R₂ is

and R₃ is hydrogen and at least one secondary or adjunctive therapeutic agent that is effective in a combinatorial formulation or coordinate treatment regimen with said phorbol ester or derivative compound of Formula I to induce remission in said subject.
 74. The method of claim 72, wherein the phorbol ester is phorbol 13-butyrate, phorbol 12-decanoate, phorbol 13-decanoate, phorbol 12,13-diacetate, phorbol 13,20-diacetate, phorbol 12,13-dibenzoate, phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate, phorbol 12,13-didecanoate, phorbol 12,13-dihexanoate, phorbol 12,13-dipropionate, phorbol 12-myristate, phorbol 13-myristate, phorbol 12,13,20-triacetate, 12-deoxyphorbol 13-angelate, 12-deoxyphorbol 13-angelate 20-acetate, 12-deoxyphorbol 13-isobutyrate, 12-deoxyphorbol 13-isobutyrate-20-acetate, 12-deoxyphorbol 13-phenylacetate, 12-deoxyphorbol 13-phenylacetate 20-acetate, 12-deoxyphorbol 13-tetradecanoate, phorbol 12-tigliate 13-decanoate, 12-deoxyphorbol 13-acetate, phorbol 12-acetate, or phorbol 13-acetate.
 75. The method of claim 72, wherein the phorbol ester is 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate.
 76. The method of claim 72, wherein the at least one secondary or adjunctive therapeutic agent is administered to said subject in a coordinate administration protocol, simultaneously with, prior to, or after, administration of said phorbol ester to said subject.
 77. The method of claim 72, wherein the at least one secondary or adjunctive therapeutic agent is selected from the group consisting of : doxorubicin, vitamin D3, cytarabine, cytosine arabinoside, daunorubicin, cyclophosphamide, gemtuzumab ozogamicin, idarubicin, mercaptopurine, mitoxantrone, thioguanine, aldesleukin, asparaginase, carboplatin, etoposide phosphate, fludarabine, methotrexate, etoposide, dexamethasone, and choline magnesium trisalicylate.
 78. A method for inducing apoptosis in a neoplasm in a mammalian subject suffering from neoplastic disease comprising administering to said subject an effective amount of a phorbol ester or derivative compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt, isomer, enantiomer, solvate, hydrate, polymorph or prodrug thereof, to said subject

wherein R₁ and R₂ are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen,

and substituted derivatives thereof, R₃ is hydrogen,

and substituted derivatives thereof; and at least one secondary or adjunctive therapeutic agent that is effective in a combinatorial formulation or coordinate treatment regimen with said phorbol ester of derivative compound of Formula I to induce apoptosis in a neoplasm in said subject.
 79. The method of claim 78, wherein R₁ or R₂ is

the remaining R₁ or R₂ is

and R₃ is hydrogen and at least one secondary or adjunctive therapeutic agent that is effective in a combinatorial formulation or coordinate treatment regimen with said phorbol ester or derivative compound of Formula I to treat or prevent malignancy in said subject.
 80. The method of claim 78, wherein the phorbol ester is phorbol 13-butyrate, phorbol 12-decanoate, phorbol 13-decanoate, phorbol 12,13-diacetate, phorbol 13,20-diacetate, phorbol 12,13-dibenzoate, phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate, phorbol 12,13-didecanoate, phorbol 12,13-dihexanoate, phorbol 12,13-dipropionate, phorbol 12-myristate, phorbol 13-myristate, phorbol 12,13,20-triacetate, 12-deoxyphorbol 13-angelate, 12-deoxyphorbol 13-angelate 20-acetate, 12-deoxyphorbol 13-isobutyrate, 12-deoxyphorbol 13-isobutyrate-20-acetate, 12-deoxyphorbol 13-phenylacetate, 12-deoxyphorbol 13-phenylacetate 20-acetate, 12-deoxyphorbol 13-tetradecanoate. phorbol 12-tigliate 13-decanoate, 12-deoxyphorbol 13-acetate, phorbol 12-acetate, or phorbol 13-acetate.
 81. The method of claim 78, wherein the phorbol ester is 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate.
 82. The method of claim 78, wherein the at least one secondary or adjunctive therapeutic agent is administered to said subject in a coordinate administration protocol, simultaneously with, prior to, or after, administration of said phorbol ester to said subject.
 83. The method of claim 82, wherein the at least one secondary or adjunctive therapeutic agent is selected from the group consisting of: doxorubicin, vitamin D3, cytarabine, cytosine arabinoside, daunorubicin, cyclophosphamide, gemtuzumab ozogamicin, idarubicin, mercaptopurine, mitoxantrone, thioguanine, aldesleukin, asparaginase, carboplatin, etoposide phosphate, fludarabine, methotrexate, etoposide, dexamethasone, and choline magnesium trisalicylate.
 84. A composition for preventing or treating neoplastic disease in a mammalian subject comprising an effective amount of a phorbol ester or derivative compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt, isomer, enantiomer, solvate, hydrate, polymorph or prodrug thereof

wherein R₁ and R₂ are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen,

and substituted derivatives thereof, R₃ is hydrogen,

and substituted derivatives thereof; and at least one secondary or adjunctive therapeutic agent that is effective in a combinatorial formulation with said phorbol ester or derivative compound of Formula I to treat or prevent a neoplasm in said subject.
 85. The composition of claim 84, wherein R₁ or R₂ is

the remaining R₁ or R₂ is

and R₃ is hydrogen.
 86. The composition of claim 84, wherein the phorbol ester is phorbol 13-butyrate, phorbol 12-decanoate, phorbol 13-decanoate, phorbol 12,13-diacetate, phorbol 13,20-diacetate, phorbol 12,13-dibenzoate, phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate, phorbol 12,13-didecanoate, phorbol 12,13-dihexanoate, phorbol 12,13-dipropionate, phorbol 12-myristate, phorbol 13-myristate, phorbol 12,13,20-triacetate, 12-deoxyphorbol 13-angelate, 12-deoxyphorbol 13-angelate 20-acetate, 12-deoxyphorbol 13-isobutyrate, 12-deoxyphorbol 13-isobutyrate-20-acetate, 12-deoxyphorbol 13-phenylacetate, 12-deoxyphorbol 13-phenylacetate 20-acetate, 12-deoxyphorbol 13-tetradecanoate, phorbol 12-tigliate 13-decanoate, 12-deoxyphorbol 13-acetate, phorbol 12-acetate, or phorbol 13-acetate.
 87. The composition of claim 84, wherein the phorbol ester is 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate.
 88. The composition of claim 84, wherein the at least one secondary or adjunctive therapeutic agent is selected from the group consisting of: doxorubicin, vitamin D3, cytarabine, cytosine arabinoside, daunorubicin, cyclophosphamide, gemtuzumab ozogamicin, idarubicin, mercaptopurine, mitoxantrone, thioguanine, aldesleukin, asparaginase, carboplatin, etoposide phosphate, fludarabine, methotrexate, etoposide, dexamethasone, and choline magnesium trisalicylate.
 89. The composition of claim 84, wherein the composition contains at least two secondary or adjunctive therapeutic agents.
 90. The composition of claim 89, wherein the at least two secondary or adjunctive therapeutic agents are dexamethasone and choline magnesium trisalicylate. 